Experimental Study of Phlebitis Ointment Administration in Acute Superficial Thrombophlebitis

Abstract

Acute superficial thrombophlebitis is a venous system disease. Animal models with mannitol induced phlebitis were treated with an orally administered “phlebitis ointment.” 24 rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups. The therapy group was treated with “phlebitis ointment” and a control group received “Mai Luo Shu Tong granules.” Levels of blood TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, and IL-1β were measured. The tissue expression levels of NF-КBp65 and PKC genes were evaluated. The therapy group showed a better improvement of the clinical status and similar vascular morphology than the control group. A blank group showed no vascular changes through pathological investigation. In contrast, significant vascular changes were seen in the model group. The control group showed slight vascular modifications. Small thrombi could be found in the lumen despite the intact tunica intima. Both control and therapy group showed less inflammatory cells infiltration than the model group and upregulation of NF-КBp65 and PKC genes. The phlebitis ointment reduced the levels of necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-1ß. The expressions of NF-КBp65 and PKC genes, which are the primary mechanisms underlying the development of thrombophlebitis, were improved significantly in tissues of both therapy group and control group.

Mannitol versus furosemide in patients with thoracic malignancies who received cisplatin‐based chemotherapy using short hydration: A randomized phase II trial

“…Meanwhile, mannitol sometimes causes phlebitis when administered with short-term intravenous drip infusion because of its higher osmotic pressure and a lower pH value. 17 Furosemide is an intravenous injection; therefore, that is less likely to cause phlebitis, and also it reduces the time of administration. This is therefore a noninferiority randomized phase II study of furosemide versus mannitol in patients with thoracic malignancies who received CDDP-based chemotherapy using short hydration.…”

“…Small randomized studies have compared the renal toxicity of mannitol with that of furosemide in 22–49 subjects, 14–16 but there was no firm conclusion due to insufficient power to detect significant difference. Meanwhile, mannitol sometimes causes phlebitis when administered with short‐term intravenous drip infusion because of its higher osmotic pressure and a lower pH value 17 . Furosemide is an intravenous injection; therefore, that is less likely to cause phlebitis, and also it reduces the time of administration.…”

Effect of Chahuang ointment on prevention of phlebitis from peripherally inserted central catheter: randomized clinical trial

“…However, MPS cream is a relatively cumbersome treatment, requiring repeated applications and subsequent massage. Moreover, MPS cream may cause some adverse effects including local skin reaction or contact dermatitis (15) .…”