The incubation period of hepatitis E genotype 1: insights from pooled analyses of travellers

Azman, Andrew S.; Ciglenečki, Iza; Oeser, Clarissa; Said, B.; Tedder, Richard S.; Ijaz, Samreen

doi:10.1017/s0950268818001097

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Generally the incubation period of Hepatitis E has been suggested to range between three and eight weeks [3]. A recent study investigating travel-associated HEV genotype 1 infections reported an average incubation period of median 30 days [59]. Typical symptoms in acute hepatitis E are (comparable to other viral hepatitis) unspecific weakness, elevated body temperature, arthralgia or nausea [41].…”

Section: Acute Hepatitis Ementioning

confidence: 99%

The Clinical Perspective on Hepatitis E

Horvatits

Wiesch

Lütgehetmann

et al. 2019

Viruses

101

117

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Every year, there are an estimated 20 million hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections worldwide, leading to an estimated 3.3 million symptomatic cases of hepatitis E. HEV is largely circulating in the west and is associated with several hepatic and extrahepatic diseases. HEV Genotype 1 and 2 infections are waterborne and causative for epidemics in the tropics, while genotype 3 and 4 infections are zoonotic diseases and are mainly transmitted by ingestion of undercooked pork in industrialized nations. The clinical course of these infections differs: genotype 1 and 2 infection can cause acute illness and can lead to acute liver failure (ALF) or acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) with a high mortality rate of 20% in pregnant women. In contrast, the majority of HEV GT-3 and -4 infections have a clinically asymptomatic course and only rarely lead to acute on chronic liver failure in elderly or patients with underlying liver disease. Immunosuppressed individuals infected with genotype 3 or 4 may develop chronic hepatitis E, which then can lead to life-threatening cirrhosis. Furthermore, several extra-hepatic manifestations affecting various organs have been associated with ongoing or previous HEV infections but the causal link for many of them still needs to be proven. There is no approved specific therapy for the treatment of acute or chronic HEV GT-3 or -4 infections but off-label use of ribavirin has been demonstrated to be safe and effective in the majority of patients. However, in approximately 15% of chronically HEV infected patients, cure is not possible.

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Section: Acute Hepatitis Ementioning

confidence: 99%

The Clinical Perspective on Hepatitis E

Horvatits

Wiesch

Lütgehetmann

et al. 2019

Viruses

101

117

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“…26 In the case of hepatitis E—which has recently caused an increase in mortality in Asia and Africa—the period from exposure to symptom onset may range from approximately 14.3 to 61.9 days. 27 Therefore, it is inappropriate to not report an NSI because no risk of blood-borne infection was found at the time of its occurrence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Care Nurses’ Needlestick Injury Experiences: A Qualitative Descriptive Study

Min,

Kim,

Lee

2023

West J Nurs Res

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Background: Even when education and the use of safety equipment are emphasized, nurses frequently experience needlestick injuries. Understanding the risk situations and coping mechanisms for needlestick injuries experienced by nurses facilitates their prevention. Objectives: We aimed to explore and describe the phenomenon of needlestick injuries through the research questions: (1) What causes nurses to suffer from needlestick injuries? (2) How to cope after a needlestick injury? and (3) What are the recommendations for needlestick injury prevention? Methods: This qualitative descriptive study involved focus group interviews with 31 direct care nurses in 6 groups who had experienced needlestick injuries while working in different acute care hospitals across 3 regions in South Korea. Data were collected from January 29 to March 29, 2022, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The average age of the participating nurses was 29.7 years. The following 3 themes were identified: various needlestick injury experiences, post-needlestick injury coping, and expectations regarding needlestick injuries. Conclusions: Risk situations and coping mechanisms of nurses who experienced needlestick injuries were diverse. Emergency situations and novice nurses were the causes of most of the needlestick injuries. Often, personal protective equipment was found cumbersome. Reporting needlestick injuries depended on the work environment.

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“…Genotype 1 and 2 HEV mainly cause acute hepatitis after infection and are generally more virulent than genotype 3 and 4 in terms of causing diseases in the immunocompetent population [ 157 ]. Data from patients with confirmed acute HEV genotype 1 infection in England and Wales suggest that the incubation time ranges from 10–71 days, with a median of 29.8 days [ 158 ]. Viremia peaks within the incubation period or concurrent with the symptom onset [ 159 , 160 ] but can be prolonged in certain patients [ 161 , 162 ].…”

Section: Clinical Manifestations Of Hepatitis Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Hepatitis E Virus Biology and Pathogenesis

Lin

Zhang

2021

Viruses

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the causative agents for liver inflammation across the world. HEV is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. Human HEV strains mainly belong to four major genotypes in the genus Orthohepevirus A, family Hepeviridae. Among the four genotypes, genotype 1 and 2 are obligate human pathogens, and genotype 3 and 4 cause zoonotic infections. HEV infection with genotype 1 and 2 mainly presents as acute and self-limiting hepatitis in young adults. However, HEV infection of pregnant women with genotype 1 strains can be exacerbated to fulminant hepatitis, resulting in a high rate of case fatality. As pregnant women maintain the balance of maternal-fetal tolerance and effective immunity against invading pathogens, HEV infection with genotype 1 might dysregulate the balance and cause the adverse outcome. Furthermore, HEV infection with genotype 3 can be chronic in immunocompromised patients, with rapid progression, which has been a challenge since it was reported years ago. The virus has a complex interaction with the host cells in downregulating antiviral factors and recruiting elements to generate a conducive environment of replication. The virus-cell interactions at an early stage might determine the consequence of the infection. In this review, advances in HEV virology, viral life cycle, viral interference with the immune response, and the pathogenesis in pregnant women are discussed, and perspectives on these aspects are presented.

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The incubation period of hepatitis E genotype 1: insights from pooled analyses of travellers

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

The Clinical Perspective on Hepatitis E

The Clinical Perspective on Hepatitis E

Direct Care Nurses’ Needlestick Injury Experiences: A Qualitative Descriptive Study

Advances in Hepatitis E Virus Biology and Pathogenesis

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