Global status of diabetes prevention and prospects for action: A consensus statement

Abstract

Primary prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D) should be achievable through the implementation of early and sustainable measures. Several randomized control studies that found success in preventing the progression to T2D in high-risk populations have identified early and intensive intervention based on an individualized prevention model as the key factor for participant benefit. The global prevalence of both overweight and obesity has now been widely recognized as the major epidemic of the 21st century. Obesity is a major risk factor for the progression from normal glucose tolerance to prediabetes and then to T2D. However, not all obese individuals will develop prediabetes or progress to diabetes. Intensive, multicomponent behavioural interventions for overweight and obese adults can lead to weight loss. Diabetes medications, including metformin, GLP-1 agonists, glitazones, and acarbose, can be considered for selected high-risk patients with prediabetes when lifestyle-based programmes are proven unsuccessful. Nutrition education is the cornerstone of a healthy lifestyle. Also, physical activity is an integral part of the prediabetes management plan and one of the main pillars in the prevention of diabetes. Mobile phones, used extensively worldwide, can facilitate communication between health professionals and the general population, and have been shown to be helpful in the prevention of T2D. Universal screening is needed. Noninvasive risk scores should be used in all countries, but they should be locally validated in all ethnic populations focusing on cultural differences around the world. Lifestyle interventions reduce the progression to prediabetes and diabetes. Nevertheless, many questions still need to be answered.

Neutrophil extracellular traps promote macrophage inflammation and impair atherosclerosis resolution in diabetic mice

“…The information presented above suggested to us that the failure of lipid-lowering therapies to fully reduce CVD risk in patients with diabetes, or to maximally resolve atherosclerosis in mice and patients with diabetes (reviewed in refs. [26][27][28], represented adverse consequences of the increased plaque level of NETs in this metabolic setting (25). This phenomenon would be similar to NETs impairing wound healing in diabetes (24).…”

Butyrolactone‐I, an efficient α‐glucosidase inhibitor, improves type 2 diabetes with potent TNF‐α–lowering properties through modulating gut microbiota in db/db mice

“…α‐Glucosidase is a well‐known target for the research of antidiabetic drugs. Acarbose, an α‐glucosidase inhibitor, is preferred for people with only impaired glucose tolerance (3). T2D is a chronic metabolic disease assoicated with peripheral insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, obesity, low‐grade systemic inflammation, of which systemic inflammation caused by infection has become one of the acute complications of T2D; the control of inflammation can obviously improve the abnormality of glucose metabolism (4).…”

Milk in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: The potential role of milk proteins

“…However, it should be borne in mind that milk proteins are not a “magic bullet” that can offer a quick solution for improving glucose control. A healthy balanced diet and exercise/physical activity are the cornerstone in the prevention and management of T2DM …”