DOW-PR DOlphin and Whale Pods Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs)

Wadud, Zahid; Ullah, Khadem; Hussain, Sajjad; Yang, Xiaodong; Qazi, Abdul Baseer

doi:10.3390/s18051529

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…The initial energy, sending energy, and receiving energy/idle energy of the node is set to 80J, 4.5J, and 0.017J, respectively. The background underwater wireless environment and the acoustic channel parameters (ambient noise, site-specific noise, central acoustic signal frequency) are set for simulation, as given in [27].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [27], the authors propose a new protocol called DOlphin and Whale Pods Routing (DOW-PR) protocol consisting of two parts i.e., dolphin and the further improved version, whale pods. The scheme enhances the reliability, end-to-end delay and minimizes the energy consumption compared to Weighting Depth and Forwarding Area Division (WDFAD) routing protocol.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Efficient Routing Protocol Based on Stretched Holding Time Difference for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Wadud

Ullah

Qazi

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Underwater Wireless Sensors Networks (UWSNs) use acoustic waves as a communication medium because of the high attenuation to radio and optical waves underwater. However, acoustic signals lack propagation speed as compared to radio or optical waves. In addition, the UWSNs also pose various intrinsic challenges, i.e., frequent node mobility with water currents, high error rate, low bandwidth, long delays, and energy scarcity. Various UWSN routing protocols have been proposed to overcome the above-mentioned challenges. Vector-based routing protocols confine the communication within a virtual pipeline for the sake of directionality and define a fixed pipeline radius between the source node and the centerline station. Energy-Scaled and Expanded Vector-Based Forwarding (ESEVBF) protocol limits the number of duplicate packets by expanding the holding time according to the propagation delay, and thus reduces the energy consumption via the remaining energy of Potential Forwarding Nodes (PFNs) at the first hop. The holding time mechanism of ESEVBF is restricted only to the first-hop PFNs of the source node. The protocol fails when there is a void or energy hole at the second hop, affecting the reliability of the system. Our proposed protocol, Extended Energy-Scaled and Expanded Vector-Based Forwarding Protocol (EESEVBF), exploits the holding time mechanism to suppress duplicate packets. Moreover, the proposed protocol tackles the hidden terminal problem due to which a reasonable reduction in duplicate packets initiated by the reproducing nodes occurs. The holding time is calculated based on the following four parameters: (i) the distance from the boundary of the transmission area relative to the PFNs’ inverse energy at the 1st and 2nd hop, (ii) distance from the virtual pipeline, (iii) distance from the source to the PFN at the second hop, and (iv) distance from the first-hop PFN to its destination. Therefore, the proposed protocol stretches the holding time difference based on two hops, resulting in lower energy consumption, decreased end-to-end delay, and increased packet delivery ratio. The simulation results demonstrate that compared to ESEVBF, our proposed protocol EESEVBF experiences 20.2 % lesser delay, approximately 6.66 % more energy efficiency, and a further 11.26 % reduction in generating redundant packets.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Efficient Routing Protocol Based on Stretched Holding Time Difference for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Wadud

Ullah

Qazi

et al. 2019

Sensors

Self Cite

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“…The existing protocols proposed for UWSNs are described in this section. Several routing strategies are proposed including vector-based, 4,7,8 depth-based, 5,[9][10][11] cluster based, 12,13 and AUV-based, [14][15][16] as summarized in Table 1.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks

Khan

Islam

Ismail

et al. 2020

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

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In the recent past, a significant increase has been observed in the use of underwater wireless sensor networks for aquatic applications. However, underwater wireless sensor networks face several challenges including large propagation delays, high mobility, limited bandwidth, three-dimensional deployments, expensive manufacturing, and energy constraints. It is crucial for underwater wireless sensor networks to mitigate all these limitations primarily caused by the harsh underwater environment. To address some of the pertinent challenges, adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding routing protocol is proposed in this article which is based on the adaptive hop-by-hop vector-based forwarding. The novelty of adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding includes increasing the transmission reliability in sparse sensor regions by changing the base angle of the cone according to the network structure. The number of duplicate packets and end-to-end delay is also reduced because of the reduced base angle and a smart selection criterion for the potential forwarder node. The proposed routing protocol adaptively tunes the height and opening of the cone based on the network structure to effectively improve the performance of the network. Conclusively, this approach significantly reduces energy tax, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio.

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“…The selection criterion of next hop forwarder is based on the direction, i.e., Forwarding Set comprises all nodes that have the same (upward or downward) forwarding direction. DOW-PR [17] is a depth based routing protocol, which considers suppressed nodes in addition to PFNs in the forwarding process. DBR and WDFAD-DBR do not consider suppressed nodes in the forwarding process, due to which the probability of packet loss increases.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Energy Balanced Efficient and Reliable Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

et al. 2019

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Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) face numerous challenges due to small bandwidth, long propagation delay, limited energy resources and high deployment cost. Development of efficient routing strategies is, therefore, mandatory and has remained the focus of researchers over the past few years. To address these challenges and to further improve the performance of the existing protocols, many routing protocols have been designed. In Weighting Depth and Forwarding Area Division-Depth Based Routing (WDFAD-DBR), the forwarding decision is based on the weighting depth difference, which is not an efficient way for void hole avoidance. In this paper, we propose a depth-based routing mechanism called Energy Balanced Efficient and Reliable Routing (EBER 2) protocol for UWSNs. First, energy balancing among neighbors and reliability are achieved by considering residual energy and the number of Potential Forwarding Nodes (PFNs) of the forwarder node, respectively. Secondly, energy efficiency is enhanced by dividing the transmission range into power levels, and the forwarders are allowed to adaptively adjust their transmission power according to the farthest node in their neighbor list. Thirdly, duplicate packets are reduced by comparing depths, residual energy and PFNs among the neighbors. Moreover, network latency is decreased by deploying two sinks at those areas of the network that have high traffic density. The results of our simulations show that EBER 2 has higher Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), lower energy tax, and lesser duplicate packets than the WDFAD-DBR routing protocol. INDEX TERMS Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), potential forwarding nodes (PFNs), packet delivery ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay (E2ED), void hole.

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DOW-PR DOlphin and Whale Pods Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs)

Cited by 17 publications

References 41 publications

An Efficient Routing Protocol Based on Stretched Holding Time Difference for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

An Efficient Routing Protocol Based on Stretched Holding Time Difference for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks

An Energy Balanced Efficient and Reliable Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

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