Roles of Perilipins in Diseases and Cancers

Abstract

Perilipins, an ancient family of lipid droplet-associated proteins, are embedded in a phospho-lipid monolayer of intracellular lipid droplets. The core of lipid droplets is composed of neutral fat, which mainly includes triglyceride and cholesterol ester. Perilipins are closely related to the function of lipid droplets, and they mediate lipid metabolism and storage. Therefore, perilipins play an important role in the development of obesity, diabetes, cancer, hepatic diseases, atherosclerosis, and carcinoma, which are caused by abnormal lipid metabolism. Accumulation of lipid droplets is a common phenomenon in tumor cells. Available data on the pathophysiology of perilipins and the relationship of perilipins with endocrine metabolic diseases and cancers are summarized in this mini-review. The research progress on this family offers novel insights into the therapeutic strategies for these diseases.

Sex differences in circulating proteins in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

“…Higher IGF-1 after an acute MI was associated with improved clinical outcomes and echocardiographic measures (LV dimensions, mass, and ejection fraction) [ 30 ] Yes (numerically higher in female vs. male but no formal comparison made [ 31 ]) No PLIN1 Surface protein of adipocyte lipid droplets that regulates storage and hydrolysis of adipose triglycerides [ 32 ] Linked to endocrine metabolism disease (diabetes, obesity etc. ), cancers, and cardiovascular disease [ 33 ] Higher expressed in the right atria of patients with CAD compared to those without [ 34 ] No No Ep-CAM Transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in epithelium Involved in various processes such as cell signaling, cell-cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis of carcinomas [ 35 ] Not associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in a registry of 263 chronic heart failure patients [ 36 ] Associated with inflammatory bowel disease [ 35 ] No No Less expressed in females NRP1 Transmembrane receptor for class III semaphorins and for members of the vascular endothelial growth factor family [ 37 ] Neuronal and vascular development during embryogenesis, angiogenesis, and maintenance of vascular integrity [ 38 ] Associated with poor outcome in HFpEF but not in HFrEF patients [ 39 ] No No MMP-3 Enzyme involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix proteins Involved in physiological (e.g. embryogenesis) and pathophysiological (e.g.…”

“…Another enzyme involved in lipid metabolism is PLIN1 which is a surface protein of adipocyte lipid droplets that regulates storage and hydrolysis of adipose triglycerides. It has been associated with metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, hepatic steatosis, certain cancers, and cardiovascular disease [33]. Downregulation of PLIN1 in mice led to excessive cardiac hypertrophy and failure [50].…”

“…Higher IGF-1 after an acute MI was associated with improved clinical outcomes and echocardiographic measures (LV dimensions, mass, and ejection fraction) [30] Yes (numerically higher in female vs. male but no formal comparison made [31]) No PLIN1 Surface protein of adipocyte lipid droplets that regulates storage and hydrolysis of adipose triglycerides [32] Linked to endocrine metabolism disease (diabetes, obesity etc. ), cancers, and cardiovascular disease [33] Higher expressed in the right atria of patients with CAD compared to those without [34] No No…”

Increased Cholesterol Biosynthesis Is a Key Characteristic of Breast Cancer Stem Cells Influencing Patient Outcome

“…We further stained with an anti-PLIN2 antibody. PLIN2 participates in fatty acid uptake and is a marker of lipid droplet accumulation (Zhang et al, 2018). Increased staining for both markers was observed in mammospheres versus PDX.…”

Perilipin 5 and Lipocalin 2 Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

“…PLIN2 and PLIN3 have been shown to be higher expressed in tissues of pancreatic cancer, proving the importance of lipid metabolism in the tumor microenvironment [14]. PLIN1-3 have been assigned important roles in tumorigenesis that still need further investigation to decide their practicality in cancer diagnosis and therapy [15]. Another study has recently reported the presence of PLIN5 in cell renal carcinoma, liposarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma [4].…”