Production and Bioactivity-Guided Isolation of Antioxidants with α-Glucosidase Inhibitory and Anti-NO Properties from Marine Chitinous Materials

Abstract

Natural and bioactive products have been of great interest due to their benefit as health foods and drugs to prevent various diseases. The aim of this study is to efficiently reuse marine chitinous materials (CMs), abundant and low-cost fishery by-products, for the bio-synthesis, isolation, and identification of antioxidant compounds possessing some other beneficial bioactivities. Paenibacillus sp. was used to convert CMs to antioxidants. Among various tested CMs, squid pen powder (SPP) gave the best results when used as the sole carbon/nitrogen source. Fermented SPP (FSPP) had comparable antioxidant activity (IC50 = 124 µg/mL) to that of α-tocopherol (IC50 = 30 µg/mL). The antioxidant productivity increased 1.83-fold after culture optimization. The use of multiple techniques, including Diaion, silica, and preparative HPLC columns coupled with a bioassay resulted in the isolation of two major antioxidants characterized as exopolysaccharides and homogentisic acid. These isolated compounds showed great maximum activity and low IC50 values (96%, 30 µg/mL and 99%, 5.4 µg/mL, respectively) which were comparable to that of α-tocopherol (95%, 24 µg/mL). The crude sample, fractions, and isolated compounds also demonstrated α-glucosidase inhibition and anti–inflammatory activity. Notably, homogentisic acid was found as a non-sugar-based moiety α-glucosidase inhibitor which show much higher inhibition (IC50 = 215 µg/mL) than that of acarbose (IC50 = 1324 µg/mL) and also possessed acceptable anti–inflammatory activity (IC50 = 9.8 µg/mL). The results highlighted the value of using seafood processing by-products, like squid pens, for the production of several compounds possessing multi-benefit bioactivities and no cytotoxicity.

Conversion of Shrimp Head Waste for Production of a Thermotolerant, Detergent-Stable, Alkaline Protease by Paenibacillus sp.

“…Paenibacillus has several strains with the potential to convert fishery processing by-products into various bioactive compounds [11][12][13]30,43,[48][49][50][51]. This study continued to reveal more abilities of Paenibacillus, which could contribute to the biotechnological field.…”

“…Every year, the seafood processing industry discards a large amount of by-products, including viscera, shells, heads, squid pens, fins, and bones, even though they could be recycled to produce bioactive compounds like gelatin [1][2][3][4], enzymes [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], chitin [8,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], chitin oligomers [7,11,12], α-glucosidase inhibitors (aGI) [27][28][29][30][31], carotenoids [32,33], and bioactive peptides [34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. Consequently, much research has gone into converting these by-products into bioactive products that have potential applications in biotechnological, agricultural, nutritional, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries [1,…”

“…Paenibacillus is a useful bacterial family employed in the medical, industrial, and agricultural fields [48]. Recently, when fishery processing by-products were used as the nutrition source (carbon and nitrogen), several strains of Paenibacillus exhibited excellent abilities in the production of bioactive compounds, including α-glucosidase inhibitors [49], exopolysaccharides [43], anti-inflammatory medication [50,51], antioxidants [30], and chitosanases [11][12][13]. However, few reports have examined proteases derived from Paenibacillus, especially using shrimp heads.…”

Novel Efficient Bioprocessing of Marine Chitins into Active Anticancer Prodigiosin

“…Of the natural chitin-containing materials, shrimp shells, squid pens, and crab shells have the highest chitin content [1], and as such, are used for chitin production. Chitin and its derivatives display great economic value thanks to their versatile activities and potential biotechnological 2 of 14 applications, and chitin-containing materials have been reported to be used for the production of a vast array of bioactive products, such as exopolysaccharides [2][3][4], chitooligomers [5], antioxidants [6,7], biofertilizers [8] insecticidal materials [9,10], and biosorbents [11,12]. Recently, these chitin-containing materials were extensively used for the production of antidiabetic drugs [13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

Coagulation of Chitin Production Wastewater from Shrimp Scraps with By-Product Chitosan and Chemical Coagulants

“…As a consequence, the industry produces large quantities of wastewater streams that contains a significant number of chemical residues with highly acidic and highly alkaline flows, as well as high levels of organic matter (mostly protein), minerals, and pigments that are toxic to the environment and a risk to human health . Currently, chitin production processes have not widely adopted the use of cleaner production methods that can increase the efficiencies of raw material utilization and reduce the environmental pollution issues [5,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. In addition, the key organic were taken from the equalization tank of the wastewater treatment system and characterized as shown in Table 1.…”