“…30 Among these, FRS and PCE are frequently used. 6,30,31 Nevertheless, nowadays, efforts have been made to introduce more comprehensive CVD risk predictive assessment tools by adding biochemical and imaging parameters, to previous traditional ones, such as coronary artery calcification, 4,9,32 carotid intima-media thickness, 33 ankle-brachial index, brachial flow-mediated dilation, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, family history of CHD, 4 microalbuminuria, chronic kidney disease, 34 and hemoglobin A1C. 11 For instance, data from the Rotterdam study on 2,153 asymptomatic participants showed that, for the outcome CHD, the C statistic improved from 0.693 for the FRS refitted model to 0.743, 0.740, and 0.749 by the addition of coronary, aortic arch, and carotid calcium, respectively.…”