Exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Thoroughbred racehorses: a longitudinal study

Crispe, E. J.; Secombe, Cristy; Perera, D. I.; Manderson, Andrew A.; Turlach, Berwin A.; Lester, G. D.

doi:10.1111/evj.12957

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Since the influence of EIPH on performance in racehorses has been widely discussed without reaching univocal results [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], the present study aimed to objectively define whether EIPH affected some fitness parameters in Standardbreds based on an incremental exercise test on a treadmill. Although our study found no association between EIPH and the main treadmill parameters, the causative role of EIPH in poor racing performance cannot be excluded, as it may be related to different mechanisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its diagnosis is based on the detection of blood in the trachea from 30 to 120 min after strenuous exercise [ 3 ], and/or the presence in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) of red blood cells, acutely, or hemosiderophages in subacute and chronic cases [ 4 ]. EIPH has frequently been associated with poor performance in Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]; however, scientific evidence supports this hypothesis only partially. Different authors reported an association between the presence of EIPH and the likelihood of a lower position in races [ 7 , 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations between Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH) and Fitness Parameters Measured by Incremental Treadmill Test in Standardbred Racehorses

Feudo

Stucchi

Stancari

et al. 2022

Animals

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Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is a condition affecting up to 95% of racehorses, diagnosed by detecting blood in the trachea after exercise and/or the presence of hemosiderophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf). Although EIPH is commonly associated with poor performance, scientific evidence is scarce. The athletic capacity of racehorses can be quantified through some parameters obtained during an incremental treadmill test; in particular, the speed at a heart rate of 200 bpm (V200), and the speed (VLa4) and the heart rate (HRLa4) at which the blood lactate concentration reaches 4 mmol/L are considered good fitness indicators. The present retrospective study aims to evaluate whether EIPH could influence fitness parameters in poorly performing Standardbreds. For this purpose, data from 81 patients regarding their V200, VLa4, HRLa4, peak lactate, maximum speed, minimum pH, and maximum hematocrit were reviewed; EIPH scores were assigned based on tracheobronchoscopy and BALf cytology. The association between the fitness parameters and EIPH was evaluated through Spearman’s correlation analysis. No relationship between EIPH and V200, VLa4, and HRLa4 was observed. Interestingly, EIPH-positive horses showed higher hematocrit values (p = 0.0072, r = 0.47), suggesting the possible influence of the hemoconcentration on the increase of pulmonary capillary pressure as a part of the pathogenesis of EIPH.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH) and Fitness Parameters Measured by Incremental Treadmill Test in Standardbred Racehorses

Feudo

Stucchi

Stancari

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…The reported prevalence of EIPH in racehorses, diagnosed by visualisation of tracheal blood is high, ranging from 43% to 75% of horses on a single examination and up to 95% with repeated examinations 4‐7 . EIPH has been reported to occur most frequently following racing 8 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,3 The reported prevalence of EIPH in racehorses, diagnosed by visualisation of tracheal blood is high, ranging from 43% to 75% of horses on a single examination and up to 95% with repeated examinations. [4][5][6][7] EIPH has been reported to occur most frequently following racing. 8 EIPH may have welfare and performance implications, with conflicting evidence regarding its effect on race day performance.…”

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confidence: 99%

Training related risk factors for exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in British National Hunt racehorses

McGilvray

Cardwell

2021

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Background: Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) is an important condition of horses performing high intensity exercise, with reported prevalence among racehorses of up to 95%, based on the detection of blood on tracheobronchoscopy. Previously identified risk factors include age, sex, season, race type, years spent in racing and lower airway inflammation. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of EIPH in British National Hunt racehorses as indicated by two outcome measures: presence of tracheal blood on tracheobronchoscopy, and presence of moderate-large (significant) proportions of haemosiderophages in tracheal wash (TW) fluid; and to identify training-related risk factors for these indicators of EIPH. Study design: Prospective longitudinal study.Methods: Data from tracheobronchoscopy and TW cytology were analysed using univariable and multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression.Results: 1184 observations, from 177 horses, were analysed. The prevalence of tracheal blood was 7.2% (95%CI: 5.8, 8.8) and significant haemosiderophages in TW fluid was 36% (95%CI: 33.3, 38.8). Increased time in training was significantly associated with increased odds of EIPH. For each additional year spent in training the odds of tracheal blood and presence of significant proportions haemosiderophages increased approximately 1.5-fold (OR = 1.5; 95%CI: 1.1-2.0; P = .005; and OR = 1.5; 95%CI: 1.3, 1.8; P < .001, respectively). Current inflammation was associated with previous haemorrhage, but not current haemorrhage. Main limitations:There are no standardised measures for quantification of TW cytological parameters for EIPH diagnosis. Few horses were examined following jumping.Recent racing dates were not included in analysis. Conclusions:Increasing time in training was a risk factor for both indicators of EIPH.Current inflammation was associated with previous haemorrhage, but not current or future haemorrhage, suggesting that haemorrhage leads to inflammation but not that inflammation leads to haemorrhage. Overall, our findings are consistent with the The abstract is available in Portuguese in the Supporting Information section of the online version of this article.

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“…Epistaxis is a condition defined as bleeding from the nostrils, and it is a common result of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in racehorses. Previous reports suggest that 55–75% of horses experience EIPH after racing [ 1 , 2 ]. EIPH has been graded from 0 to 4 according to the severity of the bleeding [ 3 ], and the most severe form of EIPH is commonly associated with epistaxis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Epistaxis in Thoroughbred Flat Races in Japan (2001–2020)

Sugiyama

Takahashi

Nomura

et al. 2023

Animals

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We investigated the risk factors for epistaxis in Japanese flat races over a 20-year period. The veterinary records of horses identified as having epistaxis by endoscopy on the race day, and the official racing records of all flat races from April to September between 2001 and 2020, were reviewed. The racecourses (n = 10), surface type, surface condition, race class, race distance, race year, sex, age, two training centers, ambient temperature, and body weight on race days were assessed using multivariable logistic regression (p < 0.05). Of 475,709 race starts, 616 (1.30 cases per 1000 starts; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–1.40) included an epistaxis event. Nine variables were significantly associated with epistaxis. Seven of the variables have been reported in previous studies: lower ambient temperature, soft surface conditions, shorter racing distances (≤1400 m), increasing age, females and geldings compared to males, training center, and race year. However, two novel variables were identified as significantly associated with epistaxis, increasing body weight per 20 kg (p < 0.001, odds ratio [OR], 1.33; 95% CI, 1.25–1.41) and the racecourses that the horses were running at (p < 0.001, especially Sapporo [OR; 4.74, 95% CI, 3.07–7.31], Hakodate [OR, 4.66; 95% CI, 3.05–7.11], and Kokura [OR, 4.14; 95% CI, 2.65–6.48] compared to the reference racecourse [Kyoto]). These results can facilitate developing interventions to reduce epistaxis in flat racing.

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Exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Thoroughbred racehorses: a longitudinal study

Abstract: Limiting the number of days in the current racing preparation and spacing races for horses with moderate to severe EIPH may be beneficial for reducing tracheobronchoscopic EIPH severity. The association between ambient temperature and EIPH warrants further investigation.

Cited by 12 publications

References 36 publications

Associations between Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH) and Fitness Parameters Measured by Incremental Treadmill Test in Standardbred Racehorses

Associations between Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH) and Fitness Parameters Measured by Incremental Treadmill Test in Standardbred Racehorses

Training related risk factors for exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in British National Hunt racehorses

Risk Factors for Epistaxis in Thoroughbred Flat Races in Japan (2001–2020)

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