1800 MHz mobile phone irradiation induced oxidative and nitrosative stress leads to p53 dependent Bax mediated testicular apoptosis in mice,Mus musculus

Abstract

Present study was carried out to investigate the effect of long-term mobile phone radiation exposure in different operative modes (Dialing, Receiving, and Stand-by) on immature male mice. Three-week old male mice were exposed to mobile phone (1800 MHz) radiation for 3 hr/day for 120 days in different operative modes. To check the changes/alteration in testicular histoarchitecture and serum testosterone level, HE staining and ELISA was performed respectively. Further, we have checked the redox status (ROS, NO, MDA level, and antioxidant enzymes: SOD, CAT, and GPx) by biochemical estimation, alteration in the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (p53 and Bax), active executioner caspase-3, full length/uncleaved PARP-1 (DNA repair enzyme), anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-x ) in testes by immunofluorescence and cytosolic cytochrome-c by Western blot. Decreased seminiferous tubule diameter, sperm count, and viability along with increased germ cells apoptosis and decreased serum testosterone level, was observed in the testes of all the mobile phone exposed mice compared with control. We also observed that, mobile phone radiation exposure in all the three different operative modes alters the testicular redox status via increasing ROS, NO, and MDA level, and decreasing antioxidant enzymes levels leading to enhanced apoptosis of testicular cells by increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic and apoptotic proteins along with decreasing the expression of anti-apoptotic protein. On the basis of results, it is conclude that long-term mobile phone radiation exposure induced oxidative stress leads to apoptosis of testicular cells and thus impairs testicular function.

Effects of 220 MHz Pulsed Modulated Radiofrequency Field on the Sperm Quality in Rats

“…A decrease in the amount and survival rate of sperm cells was found in the RF group after exposing rats to 220 MHz pulsed modulated RF field for one month, which indicated that under this environment, 220 MHz pulsed modulated RF exposure might result in the disruption or impairment of spermatogenesis, which might affect the fertilization capacity of sperm. These findings are consistent with Shahin’s reports [10], who reported that 1800 MHz RF exposure produced by the base station of mobile phones (1.15 W/m 2 , SAR = 0.05 W/kg, 3 h/day for 120 days) decreased sperm count and sperm viability in mice. Meanwhile, Aitken [18] found that after exposure to 900 MHz RF produced by mobile phones (SAR = 0.09 W/kg, 12 h/day for seven days), the sperm count, survival rate of sperm and morphology did not change significantly.…”

“…Testosterone (T), a steroid hormone, produced mainly by LCs [26], is of vital importance to the development and function of male reproduction, and to the maintenance of normal spermatogenesis [27]. Shahin [10] reported that 1800 MHz RF exposure (1.15 W/m 2 , 3 h/day for 120 days) acted in the male reproductive tract of mice, in part by inhibiting T secretion from LCs. Lin [3] reported that exposing mouse LCs to a 1950 MHz continuous RF wave for 24 h (SAR = 3 W/kg) causes the level of T in the supernatant to diminish dramatically.…”

“…This was repeated five times and the results were then averaged (coefficient: × 10 5 /mL). The sperm count was carried out according to the report from Shahin [10].…”

“…About 200 sperm (viable and dead) from different microscopic fields on each slide were examined under the microscope. The sperm with an expanding bulge in the tail were recorded as viable, and the survival rate of sperm was calculated using the following formula [10]: survival rate (%) = number of viable spermatozoa/total number of spermatozoa (viable + dead) × 100.…”

2.45 GHz microwave radiation induced oxidative and nitrosative stress mediated testicular apoptosis: Involvement of a p53 dependent bax‐caspase‐3 mediated pathway

“…Testicular protein samples (50 µg) from each group were resolved on 15% SDS‐PAGE at constant setting of 50 V for 30 min and then at 100 V for 1 hr, using the Mini‐PROTEAN tetra system, BIO‐RAD, The United States as mentioned elsewhere . Proteins were transferred from the polyacrylamide gels to PVDF membranes (Millipore, The United States) by electro‐blotting for 15 min in a Semi‐Dry blotting apparatus (TRANS‐BLOT SD, Semi‐dry transfer cell, BIO‐RAD, The United States) at constant setting of 15 V. Membrane was then blocked by 5% fat free skimmed (dry) milk in Tris buffered saline with 0.1% Tween‐20 (TBST) for 2 hr at room temperature.…”