Dietary Patterns of Children and Adolescents from High, Medium and Low Human Development Countries and Associated Socioeconomic Factors: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the associations among education, income and dietary pattern (DP) in children and adolescents from high, medium and low human development countries (HHDC, MHDC and LHDC, respectively). Observational studies that evaluated the association between family income or education with the DP are obtained through electronic database searches. Forty articles are selected for review. In HHDC, education is inversely associated with “unhealthy” DP and positively associated with “healthy” DP. In cross-sectional studies from HHDC, higher income is negatively associated with “unhealthy” DP. In MHDC, there is no association between the socioeconomic variables (SE) and the DPs, although, in some studies, the unhealthy diet is positively associated with SE. Only one study conducted in LHDC showed an inverse association between income/education with “unhealthy” DP and there is no association between the SE and “healthy” DP. In conclusion, children and adolescents living in HHDC with high parental education tend to have a healthier diet. In MHDC, although an unhealthy diet is found among the high-income and educated population, the associations are not clear. Additional research is needed to clarify the associations between income and education with “unhealthy” and “healthy” DPs in MHDC and LHDC.

Prudent-Active and Fast-Food-Sedentary Dietary-Lifestyle Patterns: The Association with Adiposity, Nutrition Knowledge and Sociodemographic Factors in Polish Teenagers—The ABC of Healthy Eating Project

“…It documents the wide context of the impact of nutrition knowledge on both dietary and lifestyle behaviours. In some studies, a positive association between parental nutrition knowledge and dietary habits or single lifestyle behaviours of school-age children has been reported [21,46]. Only one study related to school children’s nutrition knowledge showed the same positive relation [47].…”

“…There have been several studies focused on the clustering of dietary-related and lifestyle-related behaviours in teenagers [2,10,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. Two main patterns, one described as an ‘active and healthy lifestyle’ and the opposite as a ‘high screen time and unhealthy lifestyle’, were reported in school-age children from Spain [14], Finland [15] and nine European countries [25].…”

Efeito do dia e do número de dias de aplicação na reprodutibilidade de um questionário de avaliação do consumo alimentar de escolares

“…A socioeconomic questionnaire with questions about parents' education and having computer at home was sent to parents or guardians. The mother's education level was used as a proxy of income, since a higher level of education seems to be related to a better socioeconomic level 25 . Schooling was grouped into: 0 to 8 years of study, 9 to 11 years and greater than or equal to 12 years.…”

Effectiveness and promising behavior change techniques of interventions targeting energy balance related behaviors in children from lower socioeconomic environments: A systematic review

“…Effective components of obesity prevention interventions in children identified in systematic reviews include school policies regarding the availability of foods and beverages meeting nutritional standards; targeting multiple behaviors and system levels; encouragement of environments and cultural practices at school and home that support healthy behavior; education of children, parents and teachers on healthy nutrition and physical activity; improvement of physical education programs and physical activity possibilities in policy and practice [11,[16][17][18][19][20]. Previous studies have also shown that energy-balance related behaviors and its determinants may manifest themselves differently in children from different socioeconomic levels [21][22][23][24][25]. To reduce health inequalities between children from lower and higher socioeconomic environments, more insight is therefore needed in interventions and intervention strategies that are specifically effective in stimulating healthy energy balancerelated behaviors among children from low socioeconomic environments.…”