Morphology of the extraocular muscles (m. bulbi) in the pre-hatchling and post-hatchling african black ostriches (struthio camelus domesticus L., 1758) (Aves: Struthioniformes)

Abstract

The aim of the study was to describe the morphology and the development of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) in the pre-hatchling and post-hatchling African black ostrich. The study involved 50 birds aged between 28 days and 3 years. The EOMs were analyzed morphologically with respect to the location and length of the straight and oblique muscles and the third eyelid muscles, the length and breadth of their tendons as well as the distance and shape of the muscle tendon insertions at the corneal limbus. A histological and histometric analysis were also carried out. The greatest increase in the length of the EOMs was noted in groups III-V. A marked increase in the length of the tendons of the dorsal straight muscle was found in groups II and III, in the tendons of the nasal straight muscle in groups IV and V, in the tendons of the dorsal oblique muscle in groups III to V and in the tendons of the ventral oblique muscle in groups IV and V. There was a significant increase in the breadth of the dorsal straight and ventral oblique muscle tendons in groups IV and V and the tendons of the pyramidal muscle in groups III and V. The distance of the distal insertion of the tendon at the corneal limbus increased steadily with age in all the examined groups. The number of fascicles and muscle fibres, their diameter and length in all the studied EOMs were different in the different groups.

Biomimetic Hierarchically Arranged Nanofibrous Structures Resembling the Architecture and the Passive Mechanical Properties of Skeletal Muscles: A Step Forward Toward Artificial Muscle

“…To scale up the hierarchical arrangement, bundles of nanofibers were produced by rolling up the mats to mimic the muscle fibers ( Figures 5E,F ). By tuning the width of the starting mat, it was possible to obtain bundle diameters in the same order of magnitude of those of muscle fibers (about 100 μm) and fascicles (up to 280 μm) ( Shahinpoor et al, 2007 ; Frontera and Ochala, 2015 ; Ceylan et al, 2017 ; Klećkowska-Nawrot et al, 2018 ). To define the best compromise between morphology and mechanical performances, both random and aligned bundles were investigated.…”

Morphological Study of the Intraorbital Muscles (Musculi Bulbi) in Rat and Guinea Pig

“…Retractor bulbi muscle envelops the optic nerve in mammals (Dursun, 2002;Klećkowska et al, 2003;Gultiken et al, 2006), except in humans (Kocabıyık et al, 2004;Woodburne and Burkel, 1994) and birds (Klec´kowska-Nawrot et al, 2018). This muscle must be notice in experimental study in the rat and the guinea pig.…”