Detection of Thelazia callipaeda in Phortica variegata and spread of canine thelaziosis to new areas in Spain

Marino, Valentina; Gálvez, Rosa; Colella, Vito; Sarquis, Juliana; Checa, Rocío; Montoya, Ana; Barrera, Juan Pedro; Domínguez, S. Carillo; Lia, Riccardo Paolo; Otranto, Domenico; Miró, Guadalupe

doi:10.1186/s13071-018-2773-0

Cited by 30 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…The multicentre approach herein presented allows identification of the climatic parameters that correlate with the population dynamics of P. variegata across the reproductive season. Among the five sites of the four countries sampled, P. variegata has shown to be mostly present in Spain and South Italy (Table 1), as already described for the sites El Escorial [14] and Oliveto Lucano [7,20], as well as in a site of Central Italy where P. variegata has been described here for the first time (i.e. Manziana).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…A habitat suitability map of this species has been established, indicating a large potential of diffusion in Europe [8,9]. However, data at the origin of the development of the model are fragmentary and, more importantly, no information is available concerning environmental parameters affecting the population dynamics of P. variegata, except those obtained from a few sites [8,14]. The multicentre approach herein presented allows identification of the climatic parameters that correlate with the population dynamics of P. variegata across the reproductive season.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, this parasite can be considered as an emergent vector-borne pathogen in Europe, and zoonotic infections have been diagnosed on several occasions. As an example, in Spain, the first autochthonous case of thelaziosis was reported in 2010 [13]; following further reported cases of canine thelaziosis in this country, certain geographical areas are now considered endemic for this infection [14,15]. Despite the increased detection of T. callipaeda in many European countries, information about the length of the lachryphagous activity period of P. variegata and a deep knowledge of the environmental and climatic variables involved are still limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature is a common climatic descriptor of lachryphagous activity period in Phortica variegata (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from multiple geographical locations

et al. 2020

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Background: The drosophilid Phortica variegata is known as vector of Thelazia callipaeda, the oriental eyeworm native to Asia that has become an emergent zoonotic agent in several European regions. Unlike almost all other arthropod vectors of pathogens, only P. variegata males feed of lachrymal secretions of animals, ingesting first-stage larvae (L1) of the worm living in the orbital cavities of the host, and allowing with the same behaviour the introduction of infective L3. Despite the increased detection of T. callipaeda in many European countries, information about the length of the lachryphagous activity period of P. variegata and a deep knowledge of the environmental and climatic variables involved are still limited. Methods: We herein present the results of a multicentre study involving five sites from four different countries (Italy, Spain, UK and USA) where canine thelaziosis is endemic and/or where it has already been ascertained the presence of P. variegata. Field data have been obtained on a fortnightly basis from mid-April to the end of November 2018 from a contemporary standardized sampling (same sampling effort and time of collection in all sites) of lachryphagous flies collected around the eyes of a human bait using an entomological net. These data have been associated to data collection of local climatic variables (day length, temperature, wind speed, barometric pressure and relative humidity). Results: Overall, a total of 4862 P. variegata flies (4637 males and 224 females) were collected, with high differences in densities among the different sampling sites. Significant positive correlations were found between P. variegata male density and temperature and wind speed, while negative correlations were observed for barometric pressure and relative humidity. However, the above significant differences are confirmed in each sampling site separately only for the temperature. Conclusions: This multicentre study highlights that temperature is the major common environmental driver in describing the lachryphagous activity of P. variegata in Europe and USA and, therefore, the transmission risk of thelaziosis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature is a common climatic descriptor of lachryphagous activity period in Phortica variegata (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from multiple geographical locations

et al. 2020

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“…There are a number of potentially zoonotic endoparasites found in dogs and cats that pose a risk to either pet health or public health including, but not limited to, Toxocara spp., Echinococcus spp., Taenia spp., Dipylidium caninum , Dirofilaria spp. and Thelazia callipaeda [ 1 – 3 ]. A good understanding of the epidemiology and risk factors associated with infection is required to ensure correct deworming procedures are applied to protect dogs and cats [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of European pet owners quantifying endoparasitic infection risk and implications for deworming recommendations

McNamara¹,

Drake

Wiseman³

et al. 2018

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundZoonotic endoparasites pose risks to pets and people. The European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites (ESCCAP) created risk groupings for dogs (A-D) and for cats (A-B), with the highest risk pets (Group D dogs and Group B cats) receiving the most frequent testing and/or deworming recommendations. Little information exists on current deworming behaviours across Europe, alignment to accepted guidelines and the percentage of dogs and cats falling into ESCCAP groups. The study objectives were to evaluate the reported infection-risk behaviours of dogs and cats and assesses whether deworming frequency reported by pet owners complied with recommended deworming frequencies.MethodsA total of 5001 pet owners from five different countries (France, Germany, Spain, Sweden and the UK) were surveyed regarding endoparasite infection risk and the frequency of deworming of dogs and cats. For the purposes of this study, ESCCAP risk groups for cats (A-B) were converted into four risk groups (A-D) using the additional risk factors outlined in the ESCCAP guidelines. This allowed direct comparison between cats and dogs as well as grouped higher risk cats into the appropriate deworming frequency.ResultsThe three most common risk factors identified for dogs were contact with: other dogs, snails or prey; children or the elderly; going off lead outside their own garden. 85–98% of all dogs had risks putting them into Group D, the highest risk group. The three most common risk factors identified for cats were: hunting; catching prey; contact with children or the elderly. Using these revised groups, 33–68% of cats were in Group D. Despite the majority of dogs and cats falling into a risk category where ESCCAP recommends monthly deworming, dogs and cats averaged 2.3 and 2.2 dewormings per year, respectively. This frequency was less than the four times a year dosing frequency demonstrated to be required to reduce zoonotic Toxocara spp. ova shedding.ConclusionsOverall, 93% of dogs and 54% of cats fell into Group D, the highest risk group. Deworming frequencies were considerably less than recommended by ESCCAP or required to both reduce zoonotic risk and improve pet health. Improved treatment compliance is needed.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3149-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…It is generally believed that domestic animals are the most important reservoir host of T. callipaeda and directly threaten humans [11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Report of Thelazia Callipaeda Infection in Amiota Okadai and Wildlife in Wildlife Home Range, China

Jin

Liu

Wei

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Thelazia callipaeda is a nematode of the sucking nematode genus of the sucking family, with Amiota okadai as the intermediate host and vector in China. China has the largest number of cases of thelaziosis in humans in the world. It is generally believed that domestic animals (dogs and cats) are the most important reservoir host of Thelazia callipaeda and directly threaten humans. At present, there is not much research and attention on the role of wildlife in the transmission cycle of thelaziosis in wildlife home range.Methods: During 2016-2019, we selected four wildlife national nature reserve across the country as monitoring points for Amiota okadai and wildlife. And we chose to use fly-trap method for monitoring Amiota okadai density. Morphological analysis of the parasites collected from the conjunctival sac of the wildlife was taken as the first step, and a specific PCR was used for exact confirmation.Results: In 2019, the density of Amiota okadai in Foping National Nature Reserve, in China, increased sharply and infected Amiota okadai were newly found in wildlife home range. And it was newly found that wild giant pandas, wild boars, leopard cats, black bears were infected with Thelazia callipaeda. A total of 4 nematodes were collected. The morphologic characteristics of the nematode led to its identification as Thelazia callipaeda, which was molecularly confirmed by a specific PCR amplification.Conclusions: This is the first time in China that Amiota okadai has been reported to be infected with Thelazia callipaeda in wildlife home range, while a variety of wildlife, including wild giant pandas, have been infected. This suggests that there has been a transmission cycle of thelaziosis among wildlife in wildlife home range. This has undoubtedly increased the risk of infection of Thelazia callipaeda in villagers around wildlife home range.

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Detection of Thelazia callipaeda in Phortica variegata and spread of canine thelaziosis to new areas in Spain

Cited by 30 publications

References 35 publications

Temperature is a common climatic descriptor of lachryphagous activity period in Phortica variegata (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from multiple geographical locations

Temperature is a common climatic descriptor of lachryphagous activity period in Phortica variegata (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from multiple geographical locations

Survey of European pet owners quantifying endoparasitic infection risk and implications for deworming recommendations

First Report of Thelazia Callipaeda Infection in Amiota Okadai and Wildlife in Wildlife Home Range, China

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