Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) in tissue repair process

Abstract

Synthetic biomaterials submitted to new structural technologies have become ideal for the recovery of traumatized bone tissues and some bone substitutes such as bioactive glass, β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) are being used in areas of tissue defects. For this study, ACP was produced in the form of fibers and then submitted to cytotoxicity testing. A sample of ACP was inserted into the mandibular region of a patient with a lost implant so after removal and curettage, the remaining bone site was filled with the ACP biomaterial. Preliminary cytotoxicity test was negative. After 15 weeks of healing, a titanium implant was inserted at the site. Clinical and radiographic follow-up was conducted for 12 months and sequential radiographic analyses revealed tissue formation resembling spongy bone. Images under immunohistochemistry demonstrated efficient deposition and osteoconduction of the newly deposited tissue. Residual portion of the CaO:P O outer layers served as a substrate for osteoid matrix deposition, aiding growth, and the results of fiber absorption favored maturation of the new bone tissue.

Drug Delivery (Nano)Platforms for Oral and Dental Applications: Tissue Regeneration, Infection Control, and Cancer Management

“…[109] Calcium and phosphate-based ion delivery systems such as hydroxyapatite, [110] tricalcium phosphate, [95,111] and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) are promising agents for prevention of dental caries by increasing saturation of these ions in the oral environment. [112][113][114] Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are a group of hydrophilic polymers with an ethylenediamine core and amidoamine branching structure that enable them to absorb calcium molecules. [115] PAMAM dendrimers loaded with calcium and phosphate ions and have been used experimentally to prevent tooth decay.…”

The incorporation of phosphorylated chitosan/amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex into an experimental composite resin

“…ACP is a precursor to hydroxyapatite 7) , which can slowly release calcium ions into aqueous media and form hydroxyapatite on hard tissues. However, the application of ACP in remineralization area is limited due to its instability.…”

“…Therefore, finding effective methods to maintain the integrity of the hybrid layer is an important issue in restorative dentistry. In recent years, biomineralized materials have become ideal for the remineralization of defective dentin tissue, such as calcium silicatebased materials 4,5) , calcium phosphate materials including β-tricalcium phosphate 6) , amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) 7) , hydroxylapatite 8,9) , and fluoride 10) .…”

“…Incorporating these bioactive components into dental light-cure composite resins and applying them to dentin defects can effectively enhance the remineralization of dentin and improve the stability of the hybrid layer. ACP is a spherical mineral precursor with excellent bioactivity and biocompatibility in the remineralization process 7) . Moreover, because of the high specific surface area of ACP nanoparticles, the release of calcium ions is relatively high even at a low filling ratio 11) .…”

“…However, ACP is easy to spontaneously change into a more stable crystalline state in the liquid environment due to its extremely unstable thermodynamics 7) , thus influencing the release of mineral ions. Schweikle et al 12) produced zinc-doped ACP of high stability which showed no signs of crystallization at least 20 days.…”