Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Saudi Arabia - a cross sectional study

Al‐Rubeaan, Khalid; Bawazeer, Nahla Mohammed; Farsi, Yousuf Al; Youssef, Amira M.; Al-Yahya, Abdulrahman Abdullah; AlQumaidi, Hamid; Almalki, Basim Matar; Naji, Khalid; Alshehri, Khalid; Rumaih, Fahd I. Al

doi:10.1186/s12902-018-0244-4

Cited by 91 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In our study men had signi cantly higher Metabolic Syndrome prevalence than women using both the IDF and ATP III diagnostic criteria. A study in Saudi Arabia supported our ndings (19), while other studies did not (13,20,47). The signi cant difference between men and women might be explained by age as men had signi cantly higher mean age than women.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Also, it was higher than that in the Australian population (19.3%) (10), the Turkish population (36.6%) (18), and the European population (ranges from 10-30%) (10). Compared to Arab countries, Jordan had a higher prevalence of Metabolic reported a prevalence of 39.3% (19,35). In addition, a study in Emirates reported a prevalence of 50.3% in 2012 which is markedly higher than Jordan's prevalence (24), but another study in 2008 revealed a prevalence of 39.6% which is approximately similar to the rate found in this study (25).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

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Metabolic Syndrome among Adults in Jordan: Prevalence, Trend, and Associated Factors

Ajlouni¹,

Khader²,

Alyousfi³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Metabolic Syndrome is emerging as a global health challenge in the 21st century. Multiple epidemiological studies were conducted among variety of ethnic groups showed discrepancies in the prevalence of both Metabolic Syndrome and its individual components. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Jordan using the ATP III and IDF criteria and assess the changes of Metabolic Syndrome prevalence over time. Methods: Data from the 2017 cardiovascular risk factors national survey were. The survey collected extensive data from a national population-based sample of Jordanian residents. A structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic variables and clinical data. Blood samples were taken for biochemical measurements. Anthropometric characteristics were measured by the same team of trained field researchers. A total sample of 4,056 aged between 18 and 90 years were included. The findings from the 2017 survey were compared with the findings of the 2009 survey that adopted the same methods and procedures. Results: The crude prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome was 48.2% (52.9% among men and 46.2% among women; p<0.001) according to IDF criteria. Using the ATP III criteria, the prevalence was 44.1% (51.4% among men and 41% among women, p<0.001). The age standardized prevalence rate of Metabolic Syndrome was 44% (95% CI: 42.7%, 45.4%) and 39.9% (95% CI: 39.6%, 41.2%) using the IDF definition and ATP III criteria, respectively. The kappa measure of agreement showed excellent agreement between the two definitions (k= 81.9%, p<0.001). Of all participants, 41.7% met both the IDF and ATP III diagnostic criteria, 6.6% met the IDF criteria only and 2.5% met the ATP III criteria only. The age-standardized prevalence rate of Metabolic Syndrome was significantly higher in 2017 (45.7% in men and 44.5% in women) than that in 2009 (34.6% in men and 39.8% in women).Conclusion: The prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Jordan is considerably high and increasing. Healthy lifestyle programs encouraging appropriate dietary habits and physical activity are strongly recommended in Jordan.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Metabolic Syndrome among Adults in Jordan: Prevalence, Trend, and Associated Factors

Ajlouni¹,

Khader²,

Alyousfi³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Diabetes is a serious public health issue in Saudi Arabia, as approximately one out of four Saudis is diagnosed with diabetes [11]. Since Saudis have a high prevalence of T2D [11] and overweight [12], vitamin D deficiency may place them at an additional risk of CVD, making a strong case for early intervention [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Glycemic Control and Duration of Type 2 Diabetes on Vitamin D Level and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Alaidarous

Alkahtani

Aljuraiban

et al. 2020

Journal of Diabetes Research

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Background and Aims. To investigate the impact of glycemic control and T2D duration on vitamin D status and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among Saudi patients. Methods. This case-control study was conducted in King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Saudi Arabia. A total of 25 nondiabetic controls and 92 patients with confirmed T2D, aged 20–60 years, were included. Patients with T2D were divided into the following groups based on disease duration (newly diagnosed: ≈6 months and long duration: ≥5 years) and glycemic control based on their glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level with a threshold of ≤0.053 mol/mol: newly diagnosed controlled (NC, n=25), newly diagnosed uncontrolled (NU, n=17), long duration controlled (LC, n=25), and long duration uncontrolled (LU, n=25). Blood levels of fasting blood glucose, HbA1C, lipid profile, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) were assessed and used to define the CVD risk score. Results. Our study showed that T2D duration was an independent predictor of vitamin D deficiency. The longer disease duration, the lower odds of being vitamin D deficient (odds ratio (OR) = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.01–0.29, p<0.05). No significant association was observed between vitamin D and HbA1C levels. In the NU group, CVD risk scores were directly correlated with serum 25(OH)D (r=0.53, p<0.05). On the contrary, 25(OH)D was moderately inversely correlated with CVD risk score in the LU group (r=−0.45, p<0.05). Conclusion. Duration of diabetes rather than glycemic control is associated with vitamin D deficiency. Glycemic uncontrol may augment vitamin D deficiency-associated CVD risk in both newly diagnosed and old patients with type 2 diabetes.

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“…The sample size was calculated using an online calculator 19 with consideration of the following: 95% confidence interval (CI), power of 80%, a control-to-case ratio of 1:1, the proportion of population without T2D who developed MetS in the 30-40-year-old population in Saudi Arabia (42.7%), 20 and proportion of individuals with T2D who developed MetS in Saudi Arabia (85.8%). 21 Thus, the sample size was set at 20 individuals with T2D and 20 controls.…”

Section: Patients and Methods Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Body Composition and the Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Type 2 Diabetes: The Roles of Disease Duration and Glycemic Control</p>

Abulmeaty

Aljuraiban

Alaidarous

et al. 2020

DMSO

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Purpose: Data about body compositional changes throughout the course of type 2 diabetes (T2D) are limited and inconsistent. We investigated the roles of the disease duration and glycemic control in T2D-associated changes of body composition and the components of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Patients and Methods: A total of 25 non-diabetic controls and 92 individuals aged 20-60 years with T2D were included in a case-control study conducted at King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Based on disease duration (newly diagnosed: within the first year and long duration: ≥5 years) and glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1C] level ≤7%), the patients were divided into the following groups: newly diagnosed and controlled (N&C, n=25), newly diagnosed and uncontrolled (N&U, n=17), old and controlled (O&C, n=25), and old and uncontrolled (O&U, n=25). Blood samples were collected to assess fasting blood glucose level, HbA1C level, and lipid profile. Anthropometric data were evaluated, and body composition was assessed using a bio-impedancemetry analyzer. Nonparametric tests and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Compared to the control group, the fat mass (FM) was significantly higher in all groups; furthermore, the fat mass/fat-free mass (FM/FFM) ratio was significantly higher in the N&C. The N&U and O&U groups showed significantly higher percentages of all components of MetS. Among all selected independent factors, only age increased the likelihood of MetS diagnosis by 7% (OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.004-1.149; P<0.05). Besides, age, gender, adherence to diet regimen, and T2D duration showed lower odds of increased FM/ FFM ratio. Conclusion: This study provided evidence about the impact of T2D on body composition and the other components of MetS. Thus, further characterization of T2D contributes to defining the etiology of the disease to detect and treat poor cardiometabolic health.

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Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Saudi Arabia - a cross sectional study

Cited by 91 publications

References 35 publications

Metabolic Syndrome among Adults in Jordan: Prevalence, Trend, and Associated Factors

Metabolic Syndrome among Adults in Jordan: Prevalence, Trend, and Associated Factors

Impact of the Glycemic Control and Duration of Type 2 Diabetes on Vitamin D Level and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

<p>Body Composition and the Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Type 2 Diabetes: The Roles of Disease Duration and Glycemic Control</p>

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