Longitudinal effects of swimming on bone in adolescents: a pQCT
and DXA study

Gómez-Bruton, Alejandro; González-Agüero, Alejandro; Matute-Llorente, Ángel; Gómez-Cabello, Alba; Vicente-Rodríguez, Germán

doi:10.5114/biolsport.2017.69824

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Longitudinal studies also suggest that long-term participation in high-intensity bone-loading sports leads to beneficial skeletal adaptation that is sustained into adulthood. A study in collegiate male and female swimmers showed greater increases in areal BMD (aBMD) at the hip and several tibia parameters in those who performed an additional weight-bearing sport versus those who only swam and non-athlete controls [47]. Faulkner et al showed that total body, lumbar spine, and hip aBMD were significantly greater for elite prepubertal female gymnasts versus age-matched controls [48], and a follow-up study showed that differences were maintained even when gymnasts had been retired for ten years on average [49].…”

Section: Retrospective Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of external mechanical stimuli on human bone: a narrative review

et al. 2022

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Bone is a living composite material that has the capacity to adapt and respond to both internal and external stimuli. This capacity allows bone to adapt its structure to habitual loads and repair microdamage. Although human bone evolved to adapt to normal physiologic loading (for example from gravitational and muscle forces), these same biological pathways can potentially be activated through other types of external stimuli such as pulsed electromagnetic fields, mechanical vibration, and others. This review summarizes what is currently known about how human bone adapts to various types of external stimuli. We highlight how studies on sports-specific athletes and other exercise interventions have clarified the role of mechanical loading on bone structure. We also discuss clinical scenarios, such as spinal cord injury, where mechanical loading is drastically reduced, leading to rapid bone loss and permanent alterations to bone structure. Finally, we highlight areas of emerging research and unmet clinical need.

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Section: Retrospective Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of external mechanical stimuli on human bone: a narrative review

et al. 2022

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“…Previous studies have sought to understand the isolated effect of different protocols of RT on bone health of adolescents showing its beneficial effect on aBMD accrual [ 19 , 20 ]. While other studies available in the literature have analyzed the joint effects of sports, such as swimming, when added to impact sports [ 21 ] or different interventions as plyometrics [ 22 ] and whole-body vibration on bone health [ 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance training presents beneficial effects on bone development of adolescents engaged in swimming but not in impact sports: ABCD Growth Study

Agostinete,

Werneck,

Narciso

et al. 2024

BMC Pediatr

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Background Sports practice during adolescence is important to enhance bone development, although it may provide different effects depending on the mechanical impact present in the sport. Besides, resistance training (RT) may also induce bone changes directly (via muscle contractions) and indirectly (via myokines). However, there have been no studies analyzing the longitudinal influence of engaging in sport with and without added mechanical load. Thus, this study aims to analyze the combined effects of sports participation and resistance training on areal bone mineral density (aBMD) accrual in adolescent athletes participating in swimming and impact sports for 12-months. Methods This was a 12-month longitudinal study. The sample comprised 91 adolescents (21 females) aged 10 to 18 years, engaged in impact sports (basketball, tennis, track & field, baseball and gymnastics, n = 66) and non-impact sport (swimming, n = 25). The sample was divided according to resistance training participation: impact sports only (n = 45), impact sports + resistance training (n = 21), swimming-only (n = 17) and swimming + resistance training (n = 8). aBMD and soft tissues were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Generalized linear models analysis was used for the resistance training (RT) x type of sport interaction in predicting aBMD changes overtime, adjusting for maturation, sex and baseline aBMD. Results After 12-months, all groups showed a significant increase in aBMD, except for the swimming groups (regardless of resistant training), which showed a significant loss in spine aBMD (-0.045 [-0.085 to -0.004] g/cm2 in swimming-only and − 0.047 [-0.073 to -0.021] g/cm2 in swimming + RT). In comparisons between groups, only swimming + RT group, compared with swimming-only group presented higher upper limbs aBMD (0.096 g/cm2 [0.074 to 0.118] in swimming + RT vs. 0.046 [0.032 to 0.060] g/cm2 in swimming only; p < 0.05) and whole body less head (WBLH) aBMD (0.039 [0.024 to 0.054] g/cm2 in swimming + RT vs. 0.017 [0.007 to 0.027] g/cm2 swimming-only; p < 0.05). Conclusion Despite the significant gain in aBMD in all groups and body sites after 12-months, except for the spine site of swimmers, the results indicate that participation in RT seems to improve aBMD accrual in swimmers at the upper limbs and WBLH.

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“…Even through a short eightmonth period, it was apparent through DXA and pQCT assessment that swimmers who participated in weight-bearing sports concurrently with swimming were likely to have better bone health than those that participated in swimming alone. This suggests that complementing swimming with weight-bearing sports activity may be beneficial to bone health status (Gomez-Bruton et al, 2017;Miller et al, 2020).…”

Section: Long-term Recreational Sports Participation and Bone Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of the relationship between habitual recreational sporting activity and bone health in adolescents and young adults

Patel¹

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<p>Osteoporosis is a major worldwide public health problem through its association with fragility fracture. Acquisition of peak bone mass (PBM) is an important contributor to later osteoporosis risk and may be modified by lifestyle factors, including habitual recreational sporting activity (HRSA). Previous studies that have considered the relationship between HRSA and bone health have focused on older people, elite sporting activity and used dual energy X-ray absorptiometry as a measure of bone density, rather than calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (cQUS), the outcome measure in this study. This research is important because it considers younger adults, to determine relationships between HRSA and bone health in adolescents and young adults, and the factors that affect their engagement with HRSA. In this thesis we consider the relationship between HRSA and bone health in three separate studies, reported as four manuscripts: (1) a systematic literature review of studies that considered relationships between non-elite sporting activity and bone health in adolescents and young adults as assessed by calcaneal heel ultrasound; (2) a quantitative study of 452 adolescents and young adults aged 16 to 35 years, who completed a questionnaire detailing sporting activity and relevant lifestyle confounders and underwent heel ultrasound measurements; and (3) nine focus groups of young adults to better understand their knowledge of bone health, the factors that impact it, and the barriers and facilitators to increasing HRSA. The results of the systematic literature review suggested that the available literature was scarce, with few studies focusing on relationships between HRSA and cQUS in adolescents and young adults. The studies available were too heterogeneous to perform a meta-analysis although, through a narrative synthesis, we reported that all six studies included in the systematic literature review reported significant benefits from weight-bearing HRSA on cQUS outcomes. In the quantitative study, selected bone cQUS parameters were positively associated with: BMI (SI- stiffness index, BUA-broadband ultrasound attenuation, and T-score); physical activity (SI, SOS-speed of sound, BUA, and T-score); and past HRSA score (SOS only), with weight-bearing sporting activity such as running (SI and SOS), soccer (SI and BUA) and rugby (T-score and Z-score) associated with better bone health. This study also reported that lifetime sport participation typically declined after individuals’ mid-teens. The qualitative study suggested that knowledge of PBM and risk of osteoporotic fracture were limited in the young adult age group. There was a general awareness of the positive and negative impacts of many lifestyle behaviours such as physical activity, diet, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on health in general, but not specifically how these impact PBM and good bone health in later life. Furthermore three main barriers to sports participation that emerged were: a) structural (disorientation in a new living environment, facilities, access to healthcare); b) social (financial and time constraints); and c) personal (social pressures and lack of an understanding of why sporting activity matters for bone health). On the other hand, enablers of sports participation included: a) supportive environments; b) access to health checks including support to avoid injury; and c) education to better understand the benefits of HRSA. In conclusion, HRSA that is of higher impact appears to be associated with more favourable bone health as assessed by heel ultrasound, but few studies have adequately considered these relationships. The quantitative study performed as part of this thesis provides further evidence that high impact HRSA is associated with more favourable bone health in adolescence and early adulthood, and while participation in sport in New Zealand is common until late teens, subsequently HRSA often decreases during the window of PBM acquisition. Knowledge of factors impacting bone health is poor, and barriers and facilitators to HRSA have been identified. Further work to consider how best to address these knowledge and evidence gaps is now warranted, including focus on young school to early adulthood populations to reduce their future fragility fracture risk.</p>

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Longitudinal effects of swimming on bone in adolescents: a pQCT and DXA study

Cited by 7 publications

References 30 publications

Effect of external mechanical stimuli on human bone: a narrative review

Effect of external mechanical stimuli on human bone: a narrative review

Resistance training presents beneficial effects on bone development of adolescents engaged in swimming but not in impact sports: ABCD Growth Study

A study of the relationship between habitual recreational sporting activity and bone health in adolescents and young adults

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