“…TMS also causes head and face muscles to contract and stimulates cutaneous fibers, which often leads to pain or discomfort on the scalp (Rossi et al, 2009;Wassermann, 1998;Rumi et al, 2005). This side-effect of TMS influences aspects of task performance such as accuracy and reaction time (Abler et al, 2005;Meteyard and Holmes, 2018), and to interfere with successful completion of experiments (Wassermann, 1998;Satow et al, 2002). Even though researchers have assessed the degree of pain and the area in which pain is perceived during TMS of certain intensities (Arana et al, 2008;Meteyard and Holmes, 2018), to our knowledge, no studies have quantitatively evaluated what TMS intensities actually cause pain (i.e., the pain threshold).…”