The Second Visual System of The Tree Shrew

Petry, Heywood M.; Bickford, Martha E.

doi:10.1002/cne.24413

Cited by 33 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 123 publications

(191 reference statements)

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“…In contrast, V1 lesions in tree shrews, which are closely related to primates as members of the Euarchontoglire superorder, leave many visual abilities intact (see [85] for review). After bilateral ablations of primary visual cortex, tree shrews are capable of form and pattern vision, localizing visual objects in space, following a moving food item, grasping food, and avoiding objects while running on the floor [86][87][88][89].…”

Section: Lesions Of Primary Visual Cortex (V1) In Rodents and Tree Shmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deeper lesions of the superior colliculus that included projections to motor centers in the brainstem, produced tree shrews that were unable to track objects or freely move about, and the tree shrews appeared to be blind [90,91]. From such evidence, Petry and Bickford [85] concluded that lesions of the superior colliculus impair vision more in tree shrews than lesions of V1.…”

Section: Lesions Of Primary Visual Cortex (V1) In Rodents and Tree Shmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Evolution of the Pulvinar Complex in Primates and Its Role in the Dorsal and Ventral Streams of Cortical Processing

Kaas

Baldwin

2019

Vision

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Current evidence supports the view that the visual pulvinar of primates consists of at least five nuclei, with two large nuclei, lateral pulvinar ventrolateral (PLvl) and central lateral nucleus of the inferior pulvinar (PIcl), contributing mainly to the ventral stream of cortical processing for perception, and three smaller nuclei, posterior nucleus of the inferior pulvinar (PIp), medial nucleus of the inferior pulvinar (PIm), and central medial nucleus of the inferior pulvinar (PIcm), projecting to dorsal stream visual areas for visually directed actions. In primates, both cortical streams are highly dependent on visual information distributed from primary visual cortex (V1). This area is so vital to vision that patients with V1 lesions are considered “cortically blind”. When the V1 inputs to dorsal stream area middle temporal visual area (MT) are absent, other dorsal stream areas receive visual information relayed from the superior colliculus via PIp and PIcm, thereby preserving some dorsal stream functions, a phenomenon called “blind sight”. Non-primate mammals do not have a dorsal stream area MT with V1 inputs, but superior colliculus inputs to temporal cortex can be more significant and more visual functions are preserved when V1 input is disrupted. The current review will discuss how the different visual streams, especially the dorsal stream, have changed during primate evolution and we propose which features are retained from the common ancestor of primates and their close relatives.

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Section: Lesions Of Primary Visual Cortex (V1) In Rodents and Tree Shmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lesions Of Primary Visual Cortex (V1) In Rodents and Tree Shmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of the Pulvinar Complex in Primates and Its Role in the Dorsal and Ventral Streams of Cortical Processing

Kaas

Baldwin

2019

Vision

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“…The tree shrew ( Tupaia belangeri ) is a small mammal similar in appearance to squirrel, widely distributed in South Asia, Southeast Asia and Southwest China [1]. Due to several specific characteristics, such as small adult body size, short reproductive and life cycle, low cost of maintenance, high brain-to-body mass ratio, and close affinity to primates, the tree shrew has been proposed as an alternative laboratory animal (nonhuman primate) in biomedical researches in recent years [2–4]. Currently, several studies have used this animal for human disease investigations, including hepatitis C virus [5], and Epstein-Barr virus [6], as well as brain development and aging [7, 8], social stress and depression [9, 10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The characteristics of gut microbiota and commensal Enterobacteriaceae isolates in tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri)

Tong

Liu

et al. 2019

BMC Microbiol

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Background Tree shrew is a novel laboratory animal with specific characters for human disease researches in recent years. However, little is known about its characteristics of gut microbial community and intestinal commensal bacteria. In this study, 16S rRNA sequencing method was used to illustrate the gut microbiota structure and commensal Enterobacteriaceae bacteria were isolated to demonstrate their features. Results The results showed Epsilonbacteraeota (30%), Proteobacteria (25%), Firmicutes (19%), Fusobacteria (13%), and Bacteroidetes (8%) were the most abundant phyla in the gut of tree shrew. Campylobacteria, Campylobacterales, Helicobacteraceae and Helicobacter were the predominant abundance for class, order, family and genus levels respectively. The alpha diversity analysis showed statistical significance ( P < 0.05) for operational taxonomic units (OTUs), the richness estimates, and diversity indices for age groups of tree shrew. Beta diversity revealed the significant difference (P < 0.05) between age groups, which showed high abundance of Epsilonbacteraeota and Spirochaetes in infant group, Proteobacteria in young group, Fusobacteria in middle group, and Firmicutes in senile group. The diversity of microbial community was increased followed by the aging process of this animal. 16S rRNA gene functional prediction indicated that highly hot spots for infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases in low age group of tree shrew (infant and young). The most isolated commensal Enterobacteriaceae bacteria from tree shrew were Proteus spp. (67%) and Escherichia coli (25%). Among these strains, the antibiotic resistant isolates were commonly found, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) results of Proteus spp. indicated a high degree of similarity between isolates in the same age group, which was not observed for other bacteria. Conclusions In general, this study made understandings of the gut community structure and diversity of tree shrew. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1581-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Other nongenomic evidences of morphological and anatomical characteristics in the tree shrew brain also support the relationship of tree shrews to primates (McCollum & Roberts, ; Ni et al, ; Ni et al, ; Rice, Roberts, Melendez‐Ferro, & Perez‐Costas, ; Romer et al, ). Previous studies have indicated that the tree shrews is widely used to study the visual system (Baldwin, Balaram, & Kaas, ; Petry & Bickford, ), motor system (Baldwin, Cooke, & Krubitzer, ), social stress (Fuchs & Flugge, ; Wang et al, ) and other neural systems. The Tree Shrew ( Tupaia glis ) atlas by Tigges and Shantha () is comprehensive and includes photographs of Nissl‐stained sections and plates showing fiber tracts (cut at 50‐μm intervals) along with stereotaxic coordinates based on their alignment of the skull and brain for blocking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tree shrew cerebellum atlas: Systematic nomenclature, neurochemical characterization, and afferent projections

Huang

Luo

et al. 2018

J of Comparative Neurology

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The cerebellum is involved in the control of movement, emotional responses, and reward processing. The tree shrew is the closest living relative of primates. However, little is known not only about the systematic nomenclature for the tree shrew cerebellum but also about the detailed neurochemical characterization and afferent projections. In this study, Nissl staining and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry were used to reveal anatomical features of the cerebellum of tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis). The cerebellar cortex presented a laminar structure. The morphological characteristics of the cerebellum were comprehensively described in the coronal, sagittal, and horizontal sections. Moreover, distributive maps of calbindin-immunoreactive (-ir) cells in the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum of tree shrews were depicted using coronal, sagittal, and horizontal schematics. In addition, 5th cerebellar lobule (5Cb)-projecting neurons were present in the pontine nuclei, reticular nucleus, spinal vestibular nucleus, ventral spinocerebellar tract, and inferior olive of the tree shrew brain. The anterior part of the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum (PMa) received mainly strong innervation from the lateral reticular nucleus, inferior olive, pontine reticular nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, pontine nuclei, and reticulotegmental nucleus of the pons. The present results provide the first systematic nomenclature, detailed atlas of the whole cerebellum, and whole-brain mapping of afferent projections to the 5Cb and PMa in tree shrews. Our findings provide morphological support for tree shrews as an alternative model for studies of human cerebellar pathologies.

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The Second Visual System of The Tree Shrew

Cited by 33 publications

References 123 publications

The Evolution of the Pulvinar Complex in Primates and Its Role in the Dorsal and Ventral Streams of Cortical Processing

The Evolution of the Pulvinar Complex in Primates and Its Role in the Dorsal and Ventral Streams of Cortical Processing

The characteristics of gut microbiota and commensal Enterobacteriaceae isolates in tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri)

The tree shrew cerebellum atlas: Systematic nomenclature, neurochemical characterization, and afferent projections

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