A spatial gradient of bacterial diversity in the human oral cavity shaped by salivary flow

Proctor, Diana M.; Fukuyama, Julia; Loomer, Peter M.; Armitage, Gary C.; Lee, Stacey A.; Davis, Nicole M.; Ryder, Mark I.; Holmes, Susan; Relman, David A.

doi:10.1038/s41467-018-02900-1

Cited by 91 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Taken together, the Elements of Metacommunity Structure model implies that subgingival communities conform to a spatial gradient known as a nested subset, with clumped species loss across the gradient. Intriguingly, we have previously reported this same pattern for supragingival communities …”

Section: Methods For Investigating Biogeographic Patternssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Second, the organisms that are capable of colonizing either shedding or nonshedding intraoral surfaces are exposed to a range of factors that create physical gradients in the intraoral environment. Physical gradients of temperature, fluid velocity, or pH give rise to gradual, but continuous, differences in the composition and diversity of the microbial community across the gradient, impacting the observed community structure . Third, other factors give rise to patchy structures in microbial community diversity and composition, in which each patch is separated by a discontinuity.…”

Section: A Primer On Biogeography: Ecological Pattern and Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We recently incorporated geographic coordinates into an explicit spatial model of supragingival communities . In that work, we found that microbial communities on supragingival surfaces and soft tissues vary along an anterior‐to‐posterior gradient in the mouths of healthy individuals.…”

Section: Spatial Patterns Of Dental Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbial biogeography and ecology of the mouth and implications for periodontal diseases

Proctor

Shelef

González

et al. 2019

Periodontology 2000

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In humans, the composition of microbial communities differs among body sites and between habitats within a single site. Patterns of variation in the distribution of organisms across time and space are referred to as “biogeography.” The human oral cavity is a critical observatory for exploring microbial biogeography because it is spatially structured, easily accessible, and its microbiota has been linked to the promotion of both health and disease. The biogeographic features of microbial communities residing in spatially distinct, but ecologically similar, environments on the human body, including the subgingival crevice, have not yet been adequately explored. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we seek to provide the dental community with a primer on biogeographic theory, highlighting its relevance to the study of the human oral cavity. We summarize what is known about the biogeographic variation of dental caries and periodontitis and postulate that disease occurrence reflects spatial patterning in the composition and structure of oral microbial communities. Second, we present a number of methods that investigators can use to test specific hypotheses using biogeographic theory. To anchor our discussion, we apply each method to a case study and examine the spatial variation of the human subgingival microbiota in 2 individuals. Our case study suggests that the composition of subgingival communities may conform to an anterior‐to‐posterior gradient within the oral cavity. The gradient appears to be structured by both deterministic and nondeterministic processes, although additional work is needed to confirm these findings. A better understanding of biogeographic patterns and processes will lead to improved efficacy of dental interventions targeting the oral microbiota.

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Section: Methods For Investigating Biogeographic Patternssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: A Primer On Biogeography: Ecological Pattern and Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbial biogeography and ecology of the mouth and implications for periodontal diseases

Proctor

Shelef

González

et al. 2019

Periodontology 2000

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“…They used 500 bp 454 pyrosequencing and found that especially Streptococcus was highly prevalent at exposed buccal and nearly absent in more covered lingual sites. Intra‐individual differences between lingual, buccal, and oral mucosa were also found using 400 bp 454 pyrosequencing and Illumina HiSeq 2500 . Here regardless of tissue type (mucosal, palatal, dental), surface‐associated bacterial communities varied along an ecological gradient from covered to more exposed surfaces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

No differences in microbiome changes between anti‐adhesive and antibacterial ingredients in toothpastes during periodontal therapy

Hagenfeld

Prior

Harks

et al. 2019

J of Periodontal Research

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Aim This subgroup analysis of a 12‐week randomized, double‐blind, and two‐center trial aimed to evaluate whether two different toothpaste formulations can differentially modulate the dental microbiome. Material and Methods Forty one mild to moderate periodontitis patients used as an adjunct to periodontal treatment either a toothpaste with anti‐adhesive zinc‐substituted carbonated hydroxyapatite (HA) or with antimicrobial and anti‐adhesive amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF2) during a 12‐week period. Plaque samples from buccal/lingual, interproximal, and subgingival sites were taken at baseline, 4 weeks after oral hygiene phase, and 8 weeks after periodontal therapy. Samples were analyzed with paired‐end Illumina Miseq 16S rDNA sequencing. The differences and changes on community level (alpha and beta diversity) and on the level of single agglomerated ribosomal sequence variants (aRSV) were calculated with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and likelihood ratio test (LRT). Results Interproximal and subgingival sites harbored predominately Fusobacterium and Prevotella species associated with periodontitis, whereas buccal/lingual sites harbored mainly Streptococcus and Veillonella species associated with periodontal health. Alpha and beta diversity did not change noticeably differently between both toothpaste groups (P > 0.05, ANCOVA). Furthermore, none of the aRSVs showed a noticeably different change between the tested toothpastes during periodontal therapy (Padj .> 0.05, LRT). Conclusion The use of a toothpaste containing anti‐adhesive HA did not induce statistically noticeably different changes on microbial composition compared to an antimicrobial and anti‐adhesive AmF/SnF2 formulation.

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“…Oral streptococci were previously demonstrated to induce (endothelial) tissue factor activity 24. During the day, toothbrushing and food intake are known to alter the composition of the oral biofilm compared to the night, during which the low saliva flow creates a hospitable environment for, amongst others, streptococci 25, 26. In support of this hypothesis, a previous study reported that the use of prophylactic antibiotics prior to tooth extraction was independently associated with a higher risk of postoperative bleeding 6.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary tissue factor induces thrombin generation in a diurnal rhythm

Vorm

Brouwers²,

Mondria

et al. 2018

Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis

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BackgroundUpon tooth extraction, extravascular tissue factor (TF) initiates coagulation to arrest bleeding. Additionally, saliva is in constant contact with the wound and contains extracellular vesicle‐derived procoagulant TF. Since the duration of postextraction bleeding is highly variable between patients, we hypothesized this may be caused by variation in saliva‐derived TF‐induced clotting activity.ObjectivesWe aimed to assess the variability of saliva‐induced thrombin generation (TG) in healthy individuals.Methods TG was performed according to the calibrated automated thrombinography (CAT) method. Diluted saliva was added (instead of recombinant TF and phospholipids [PL]) to normal pooled plasma (NPP) in the absence/presence of anti‐TF antibodies. Saliva was collected from healthy individuals in the morning, afternoon and evening.ResultsAddition of saliva to NPP induced TG curves similar to those induced by r‐TF and PL. Moreover, addition of anti‐TF antibodies abolished saliva‐induced TG, indicating TF‐dependence. A large inter‐individual variability (peak CV 31%, range 73‐220 nmol/L thrombin) in saliva‐induced TG was observed. Interestingly, within subjects, saliva‐induced TG was significantly (P = 0.009) increased in the morning (167 ± 40 nmol/L thrombin) compared to the afternoon (124 ± 39 nmol/L thrombin) and evening (123 ± 38 nmol/L thrombin). This diurnal variation was not attributable to gingival stimulation or damage induced by tooth brushing.ConclusionsWe identified a diurnal rhythm in salivary TF activity that may have implications for tooth extraction and dental surgery, as performing invasive procedures in the morning may be beneficial for rapid coagulation. Future studies should correlate salivary TF to clinical outcome (ie, postextraction bleeding) and assess a possible relation with bacterial status in the oral cavity.

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A spatial gradient of bacterial diversity in the human oral cavity shaped by salivary flow

Cited by 91 publications

References 62 publications

Microbial biogeography and ecology of the mouth and implications for periodontal diseases

Microbial biogeography and ecology of the mouth and implications for periodontal diseases

No differences in microbiome changes between anti‐adhesive and antibacterial ingredients in toothpastes during periodontal therapy

Salivary tissue factor induces thrombin generation in a diurnal rhythm

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