Incidence of toxigenic fungi and zearalenone in rice grains from Brazil

Savi, Geovana D.; Piacentini, Karim C.; Rocha, Liliana O.; Carnielli-Queiroz, Lorena; Furtado, Bianca Guimarães; Scussel, Rahisa; Zanoni, Élton Torres; Machado-de-Ávila, Ricardo Andrez; Corrêa, Benedito; Angioletto, Elídio

doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.02.004

Cited by 50 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The incidence of ZEN in our study was similar to those reported in other studies [41,42], but the contamination levels were lower than other values from literature. For instance, ZEN was found at concentrations up to 1399 µg/kg in cereals from Nigeria [43] and up to 15,700 µg/kg in maize samples from Belgium, where mean level of ZEN in the analysed samples was 2180 µg/kg [44].…”

Section: Occurrence Of Zearalenonesupporting

confidence: 90%

Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence and Exposure Assessment Approach in Foodstuffs from Algeria

Mahdjoubi

Arroyo‐Manzanares

Hamini-Kadar

et al. 2020

Toxins

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A survey on 120 cereal samples (barley, maize, rice and wheat) from Algerian markets has been carried out to evaluate the presence of 15 mycotoxins (ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1 and B2, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone, fusarenon X, citrinin, sterigmatocystin, enniatins A, A1, B and B1, and beauvericin). With this purpose, a QuEChERS-based extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) were used. Analytical results showed that 78 cereal samples (65%) were contaminated with at least one toxin, while 50% were contaminated with three to nine mycotoxins. T-2 toxin, citrinin, beauvericin and deoxynivalenol were the most commonly found mycotoxins (frequency of 50%, 41.6%, 40.8% and 33.3%, respectively). Fumonisins (B1 + B2), enniatins B and B1, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone registered high concentrations (289-48878 µg/kg, 1.2-5288 µg/kg, 15-4569 µg/kg, 48-2055 µg/kg and 10.4-579 µg/kg, respectively). Furthermore, concentrations higher than those allowed by the European Union (EU) were observed in 21, 8 and 1 samples for fumonisins, zearalenone and deoxinivalenol, respectively. As a conclusion, the high levels of fumonisins (B1 + B2) in maize and deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and HT-2 + T-2 toxins in wheat, represent a health risk for the average adult consumer in Algeria. These results pointed out the necessity of a consistent control and the definition of maximum allowed levels for mycotoxins in Algerian foodstuffs. Key Contribution:The study describes the incidence of 15 mycotoxins in 120 Algerian cereal samples (barley, maize, rice and wheat grains) by UHPLC-MS/MS. The results have pointed out the high co-occurrence of mycotoxins, as well as the high concentration (above the maximum allowed concentration) of some mycotoxins legislated in the EU in those cereals, posing a risk for consumers. These results highlight the necessity of establishing maximum levels for mycotoxins in Algeria.

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Section: Occurrence Of Zearalenonesupporting

confidence: 90%

Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence and Exposure Assessment Approach in Foodstuffs from Algeria

Mahdjoubi

Arroyo‐Manzanares

Hamini-Kadar

et al. 2020

Toxins

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“…ZEA was detected in only 2 samples (14.3%) of rice, at a mean concentration of 5.84 ± 1.33 g/kg (Table III). There is little information on the incidence of ZEA in rice in Brazil, although a recent study aiming to evaluate the presence of ZEA, AFB 1 and DON in rice from southern regions in Brazil indicated that only ZEA was significantly detected in 60% of samples at levels of 90.56 to 126.31 μg/kg [16]. Moreover, 36% of the samples analyzed were higher than the tolerance limit established by Brazilian regulations [16].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…There is little information on the incidence of ZEA in rice in Brazil, although a recent study aiming to evaluate the presence of ZEA, AFB 1 and DON in rice from southern regions in Brazil indicated that only ZEA was significantly detected in 60% of samples at levels of 90.56 to 126.31 μg/kg [16]. Moreover, 36% of the samples analyzed were higher than the tolerance limit established by Brazilian regulations [16]. However, our results are similar to those reported in white rice from South Korea [17], in which ZEA was detected in 8.8% of samples at levels of 4.0-11.5 g/kg.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance and Application of a “Dilute-and-Shoot” LC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Mycotoxins in Food Products in São Paulo, Brazil

Franco¹,

Petta²,

Vendrametto³

et al. 2018

ijfe

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several species of fungi that occurs in agricultural commodities, which cause a great variety of toxic effects in vertebrates, including humans. In this study, a "dilute-andshoot" method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was evaluated and applied to assess the incidence of aflatoxins (AF) B 1 , B 2 , G 1 and G 2 , fumonisins (FB) B 1 and B 2 , ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in samples of corn meal (N = 4), corn flour (N=2), wheat flour (N=4), rice (N=14) and bean (N=12) collected in small-scale farms from São Paulo, Brazil. The performance parameters (aparent recovery, matrix effect, extraction recovery, linearity, limit of quantification and limit of detection) were satisfactory, and the most frequent mycotoxin detected in food samples was FB (7.11-316.04 g/kg) below the Brazilian regulations. DON was detected in all samples of wheat flour (162.49-324.66 g/kg) along with FB in 3 samples, and in one sample of bean (46.52 g/kg). ZEA was detected in 2 samples of rice (4.90-6.78 g/kg). Results indicated low incidences of mycotoxin in the products evaluated, although the co-occurrence of FB and DON warrants concern about their incidence in wheat flour in Brazil.

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“…The detection and quantification of DON and ZEA were carried out according to Savi et al (2018) protocol. The analysis were performed in a LC/MS-MS system from Thermo Scientific® (Bremen, Germany) composed of an ACCELA 600 quaternary pump, an ACCELAAS auto-sampler and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer TSQ Quantum Max Analytes were separated on a C8…”

Section: Chromatography Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…by evaporation using a heat block and air stream at 60 o C. The residue was dissolved in 500 µL of mobile phase, consisting of 70% of water:methanol:acetic acid (94:5:1, v/v/v) and 30% of water:methanol:acetic acid (2:97:1, v/v/v). The extract (5 μ L) was injected into the LC/MS-MS system(Savi et al, 2018).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wild rice (O. latifolia) from natural ecosystems in the Pantanal region of Brazil: host toFusarium incarnatum-equisetispecies complex and highly contaminated by zearalenone

Tralamazza

Piacentini

Savi

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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AbstractWe assessed the mycobiota diversity and mycotoxin levels present in wild rice (Oryza latifolia) from the Pantanal region of Brazil; fundamental aspects of which are severely understudied as an edible plant from a natural ecosystem. We found a variety of fungal species contaminating the rice samples; the most frequent genera being Fusarium, Nigrospora and Cladosporium (35.9%, 26.1% and 15%, respectively). Within the Fusarium genus, the wild rice samples were mostly contaminated by the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) (80%) along with Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (20%). Phylogenetic analysis supported multiple FIESC species and gave strong support to the presence of two previously uncharacterized lineages within the complex (LN1 and LN2). Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) chemical analysis showed that most of the isolates were DON/ZEA producers and some were defined as high ZEA producers, displaying abundant ZEA levels over DON (over 19 times more). Suggesting that ZEA likely has a key adaptive role for FIESC in wild rice (O. latifolia). Mycotoxin determination in the rice samples revealed high frequency of ZEA, and 85% of rice samples had levels >100 μg/kg; the recommended limit set by regulatory agencies. DON was only detected in 5.2% of the samples. Our data shows that FIESC species are the main source of ZEA contamination in wild rice and the excessive levels of ZEA found in the rice samples raises considerable safety concerns regarding wild rice consumption by humans and animals.

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Incidence of toxigenic fungi and zearalenone in rice grains from Brazil

Cited by 50 publications

References 44 publications

Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence and Exposure Assessment Approach in Foodstuffs from Algeria

Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence and Exposure Assessment Approach in Foodstuffs from Algeria

Performance and Application of a “Dilute-and-Shoot” LC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Mycotoxins in Food Products in São Paulo, Brazil

Wild rice (O. latifolia) from natural ecosystems in the Pantanal region of Brazil: host toFusarium incarnatum-equisetispecies complex and highly contaminated by zearalenone

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