The effects of flexibility training on exercise‐induced muscle damage in young men with limited hamstrings flexibility

Brusco, Clarissa Müller; Blazevich, Anthony J.; Radaelli, Régis; Botton, Cíntia Ehlers; Cadore, Eduardo Lusa; Baroni, Bruno Manfredini; Trajano, Gabriel S.; Pinto, Ronei Silveira

doi:10.1111/sms.13068

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…However, there are conflicting reports on the effectiveness of flexibility training on DOMS in the literature. Brusco et al (102) did not find any difference in soreness reduction after 6 weeks of hamstrings stretching exercise in individuals with limited hamstrings flexibility. This study differed from the study of Chen et al (101) in that the stretching was not performed with maximal intensity (stretches were performed to a constant joint angle, rather than to maximum tolerance).…”

Section: Effects Of Stretching On Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (Doms)mentioning

confidence: 87%

Effects of Acute and Chronic Stretching on Pain Control

Behm

Kay

Trajano

et al. 2021

Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology

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While muscle stretching has been commonly used to alleviate pain, reports of its effectiveness are conflicting. The objective of this review is to investigate the acute and chronic effects of stretching on pain, including delayed onset muscle soreness. The few studies implementing acute stretching protocols have reported small to large magnitude decreases in quadriceps and anterior knee pain as well as reductions in headache pain. Chronic stretching programs have demonstrated more consistent reductions in pain from a wide variety of joints and muscles, which has been ascribed to an increased sensory (pain) tolerance. Other mechanisms underlying acute and chronic pain reduction have been proposed to be related to gate control theory, diffuse noxious inhibitory control, myofascial meridians, and reflex-induced increases in parasympathetic nervous activity. By contrast, the acute effects of stretching on delayed onset muscle soreness are conflicting. Reports of stretch-induced reductions in delayed onset muscle soreness may be attributed to increased pain tolerance or alterations in the muscle's parallel elastic component or extracellular matrix properties providing protection against tissue damage. Further research evaluating the effect of various stretching protocols on different pain modalities is needed to clarify conflicts within the literature.

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Section: Effects Of Stretching On Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (Doms)mentioning

confidence: 87%

Effects of Acute and Chronic Stretching on Pain Control

Behm

Kay

Trajano

et al. 2021

Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology

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“…1A; 2, 8, 13,24,42,45,53,63) or plantar flexor (Fig. 1C; 10, 26, 40) stretch tests, although this is sometimes not observed (12,13,27). In cases where an increase in stretch tolerance has been observed, the conclusion can be made that either 1) the sensory feedback received by the central nervous system during the stretch or 2) the conscious or subconscious response to that feedback (i.e., decision as to when to terminate the stretch) was altered (9).…”

Section: Effects Of Passive (Static) Muscle Stretchingmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…For the knee flexors (see example in Fig. 1A), no alteration was observed in the change in torque produced as the joint angle was increased (i.e., joint or MTU stiffness; 42,45,50,53,63) or in either the knee angle at which a specific joint torque was reached (2,8,20) or the joint torque registered at a specific knee angle (12,78); of course, the maximum stiffness may be seen to increase since the MTU is stretched further after training and thus the MTU resists with a greater force according to its passive force-length relationship [see Reid and McNair (63) for example]. These findings conclusively show that passive stiffness measured at specific MTU lengths remains unchanged after chronic knee flexor stretch training lasting several weeks to months.…”

Section: Effects Of Passive (Static) Muscle Stretchingmentioning

confidence: 98%

Adaptations in the passive mechanical properties of skeletal muscle to altered patterns of use

Blazevich

2019

Journal of Applied Physiology

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The aim of this mini-review is to describe the present state of knowledge regarding the effects of chronic changes in the patterns of muscle use (defined as changes lasting >1 wk), including muscle stretching, strengthening, and others, on the passive mechanical properties of healthy human skeletal muscles. Various forms of muscle stretch training and some forms of strength training (especially eccentric training) are known to strongly impact the maximum elongation capacity of muscles in vivo (i.e., maximum joint range of motion), largely by increasing our ability to tolerate higher stretch loads. However, only small effects are observed in the passive stiffness of the muscle-tendon unit (MTU) or the muscle itself, although a reduction in muscle stiffness has been observed in the plantar flexors after both stretching and eccentric exercise interventions. No changes have yet been observed in viscoelastic properties such as the MTU stress-relaxation response, although a minimum of evidence indicates that hysteresis during passive stretch-relaxation cycles may be reduced by muscle stretching training. Importantly, data exist for relatively few muscle groups, and little is known about the effects of age and sex on the adaptive process of passive mechanical properties. Despite the significant research effort afforded to understanding the effects of altered physical activity patterns on the maximum range of motion at some joints, further information is needed before it will be possible to develop targeted physical activity interventions with the aim of evoking specific changes in passive mechanical properties in individuals or in specific muscles and muscle groups.

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“…brighter image) has been suggested to represent the accumulation of inflammatory cells between muscle fibers [12,31,70]. Since the infiltration of inflammatory cells is known to peak 3-4 days after a muscle damaging event, various studies have concluded that the increase in echo intensity during that time period allowed them to infer that echo intensity is a measurement of exercise-induced edema and inflammation [3,33,39,40].…”

Section: Muscle Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise induced changes in echo intensity within the muscle: a brief review

et al. 2020

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Echo intensity is the mean pixel intensity of a specific region of interest from an ultrasound image. This variable has been increasingly used in the literature as a physiological marker. Although there has been an increased interest in reporting changes in echo intensity in response to exercise, little consensus exists as to what a change in echo intensity represents physiologically. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the earliest, as well as the most up to date literature regarding the changes in echo intensity in response to exercise. Echo intensity has been used to measure muscle quality, muscle damage, acute swelling, and intramuscular glycogen. The changes in echo intensity, however, are not consistent throughout the literature and often times lead to conclusions that seem contrary to the physiologic effects of exercise. For example, echo intensity increases in conjunction with increases in strength, contrary to what would be expected if echo intensity was a marker of muscle quality/muscle damage. It is conceivable that a change in echo intensity represents a range of physiologic effects at different time points. We recommend that these effects should be determined experimentally in order to rule out what echo intensity might and might not represent. Until this is done, caution should be employed when interpreting changes in echo intensity with acute and chronic exercise.

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The effects of flexibility training on exercise‐induced muscle damage in young men with limited hamstrings flexibility

Cited by 14 publications

References 45 publications

Effects of Acute and Chronic Stretching on Pain Control

Effects of Acute and Chronic Stretching on Pain Control

Adaptations in the passive mechanical properties of skeletal muscle to altered patterns of use

Exercise induced changes in echo intensity within the muscle: a brief review

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