Xanthomonas TAL effectors hijack host basal transcription factor IIA α and γ subunits for invasion

Ma, Ling; Wang, Qiang; Yuan, Meng; Zou, Tingting; Yin, Ping; Wang, Shiping

doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.059

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The transcription initiation factor IIA γ-subunit (OsTFIIAγ1; Os01g73890; target of TalBM) is a well-known TALE target (Sugio et al, 2007). It was recently shown that the C-terminal domain of TALEs interacts with the TFIIA α+γ subcomplex possibly to replace the TFIIA β subunit in the TFIIA ternary complex and hijack the host transcription machinery (Ma et al, 2018). Induction of OsTFIIAγ1 is only contributing to virulence of Xoo in rice varieties containing a homozygous xa5 mutation in OsTFIIAγ5 , which reduces binding of TALEs to OsTFIIAγ5 and interferes with TALE function (Sugio et al, 2007; Yuan et al, 2016; Huang et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two hypervariable residues, termed “repeat variable diresidue” (RVD), at position 12 and 13 control the base specificity of each repeat (Boch et al, 2009; Moscou and Bogdanove, 2009). After binding their target sequence, TALEs presumably recruit the transcription initiation complex by interacting with the transcription initiation factor IIA α and γ subunits (Yuan et al, 2016; Huang et al, 2017; Ma et al, 2018). A C-terminal acidic activation domain in TALEs is needed to efficiently initiate transcription (Van den Ackerveken et al, 1996; Zhu et al, 1998) in an area approximately 40–60 bp downstream of their binding region, but the exact transcription start site depends on the relative position of the TALE to other promoter elements (Hummel et al, 2012; Streubel et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptional Reprogramming of Rice Cells by Xanthomonas oryzae TALEs

et al. 2019

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Rice-pathogenic Xanthomonas oryzae bacteria cause severe harvest loss and challenge a stable food supply. The pathogen virulence relies strongly on bacterial TALE (transcription activator-like effector) proteins that function as transcriptional activators inside the plant cell. To understand the plant targets of TALEs, we determined the genome sequences of the Indian X. oryzae pv. oryzae ( Xoo ) type strain ICMP 3125 T and the strain PXO142 from the Philippines. Their complete TALE repertoire was analyzed and genome-wide TALE targets in rice were characterized. Integrating computational target predictions and rice transcriptomics data, we were able to verify 12 specifically induced target rice genes. The TALEs of the Xoo strains were reconstructed and expressed in a TALE-free Xoo strain to attribute specific induced genes to individual TALEs. Using reporter assays, we could show that individual TALEs act directly on their target promoters. In particular, we show that TALE classes assigned by AnnoTALE reflect common target genes, and that TALE classes of Xoo and the related pathogen X. oryzae pv. oryzicola share more common target genes than previously believed. Taken together, we establish a detailed picture of TALE-induced plant processes that significantly expands our understanding of X. oryzae virulence strategies and will facilitate the development of novel resistances to overcome this important rice disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional Reprogramming of Rice Cells by Xanthomonas oryzae TALEs

et al. 2019

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“…For example, AvrXa7 and PthXo3 activate the expression of sugar transporter OsSWEET14 in rice cultivars by directly binding to the effector binding element (EBE), which is located in the promoter region of OsSWEET14, OsSWEET11, and OsSWEET13, like OsSWEET14, are likewise major susceptibility genes and targets of TAL effectors [51,52]. Intriguingly, host transcription factors seem to be an attractive target for TALEs, as several other studies have now shown [53][54][55]. With the increasing amount of EBEs found in nature, the next years will continue to enrich the arsenal of TALE-targeted susceptibility genes.…”

Section: Bacterial Effector Targetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Good Riddance? Breaking Disease Susceptibility in the Era of New Breeding Technologies

2018

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Despite a high abundance and diversity of natural plant pathogens, plant disease susceptibility is rare. In agriculture however, disease epidemics often occur when virulent pathogens successfully overcome immunity of a single genotype grown in monoculture. Disease epidemics are partially controlled by chemical and genetic plant protection, but pathogen populations show a high potential to adapt to new cultivars or chemical control agents. Therefore, new strategies in breeding and biotechnology are required to obtain durable disease resistance. Generating and exploiting a genetic loss of susceptibility is one of the recent strategies. Better understanding of host susceptibility genes (S) and new breeding technologies now enable the targeted mutation of S genes for genetic plant protection. Here we summarize biological functions of susceptibility factors and both conventional and DNA nuclease-based technologies for the exploitation of S genes. We further discuss the potential trade-offs and whether the genetic loss of susceptibility can provide durable disease resistance.

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“…To successfully active the expression of the target genes, TALEs still need to hijack the host basal transcription factors, TFIIAα and TFIIAγ, via the transcription factor binding (TFB) region [37][38][39]. Rice have evolved several precise disease resistance mechanisms to evade the operations of TALEs [39].…”

Section: Interaction Between E Genes and Cognate Avirulence Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Executor Genes

Guo

Chen

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Executor (E) genes comprise a new type of plant resistance (R) genes, identified from host–Xanthomonas interactions. The Xanthomonas-secreted transcription activation-like effectors (TALEs) usually function as major virulence factors, which activate the expression of the so-called “susceptibility” (S) genes for disease development. This activation is achieved via the binding of the TALEs to the effector-binding element (EBE) in the S gene promoter. However, host plants have evolved EBEs in the promoters of some otherwise silent R genes, whose expression directly causes a host cell death that is characterized by a hypersensitive response (HR). Such R genes are called E genes because they trap the pathogen TALEs in order to activate expression, and the resulting HR prevents pathogen growth and disease development. Currently, deploying E gene resistance is becoming a major component in disease resistance breeding, especially for rice bacterial blight resistance. Currently, the biochemical mechanisms, or the working pathways of the E proteins, are still fuzzy. There is no significant nucleotide sequence homology among E genes, although E proteins share some structural motifs that are probably associated with the signal transduction in the effector-triggered immunity. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding TALE-type avirulence proteins, E gene activation, the E protein structural traits, and the classification of E genes, in order to sharpen our understanding of the plant E genes.

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Xanthomonas TAL effectors hijack host basal transcription factor IIA α and γ subunits for invasion

Cited by 11 publications

References 29 publications

Transcriptional Reprogramming of Rice Cells by Xanthomonas oryzae TALEs

Transcriptional Reprogramming of Rice Cells by Xanthomonas oryzae TALEs

Good Riddance? Breaking Disease Susceptibility in the Era of New Breeding Technologies

Plant Executor Genes

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