Oral Microbiota: Microbial Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome Independent of Host Genetic Factors

Abstract

The oral microbiota plays a critical role in both local and systemic inflammation. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by low-grade inflammation, and many studies have been conducted on the gut microbiota from stool specimens. However, the etiological role of the oral microbiota in the development of MetS is unclear. In this study, we analyzed the oral and gut microbiome from 228 subgingival plaque and fecal samples from a Korean twin-family cohort with and without MetS. Significant differences in microbial diversity and composition were observed in both anatomical niches. However, a host genetic effect on the oral microbiota was not observed. A co-occurrence network analysis showed distinct microbiota clusters that were dependent on the MetS status. A comprehensive analysis of the oral microbiome identified Granulicatella and Neisseria as bacteria enriched in subjects with MetS and Peptococcus as bacteria abundant in healthy controls. Validation of the identified oral bacteria by quantitative PCR (qPCR) showed that healthy controls possessed significantly lower levels of G. adiacens (p = 0.023) and a higher ratio of Peptococcus to Granulicatella (p < 0.05) than MetS subjects. Our results support that local oral microbiota can be associated with systemic disorders. The microbial biomarkers identified in this study would aid in determination of which individuals develop chronic diseases from their MetS and contribute to strategic disease management.

Response of the human gut and saliva microbiome to urbanization in Cameroon

“…Alternatively, as our urbanization gradient mostly represents changes in terms of diet and habitat, but not medication, is is tempting to propose that the loss of both bacterial and eukaryotic diversity in highly industrialized and urban environments is mostly due to changes in medical practices, such as antibiotics use. Finally, we did observe a decline in abundance-weighted phylogenetic diversity ( 2 D ph ), which is more sensitive to subtle changes in environmental conditions than richness measures 38 . This small but significant decrease might represent an early response to urbanization-related changes in lifestyle, for example due to changes in diet.…”

“…Cross denotes mean. and saliva microbiome seems to be related to health in opposing ways 11,38 . Still, this positive correlation could be related to the degree to which individuals are exposed to environmental bacteria.…”

“…Finally, Clemente et al 3 found no difference between the saliva microbiome of the isolated Yanomami population from Venezuela and individuals from the US (despite differences in their gut microbiome diversity), suggesting no effect of lifestyle. Importantly and contrary to the gut, a more diverse saliva microbiome has been linked with a poorer oral health 37,38 .…”

Marked Changes in Gut Microbiota in Cardio-Surgical Intensive Care Patients: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

“…Figure 4 indicates that during the treatment timeline, strictly anaerobic short-chain fatty acid-producing gut bacteria typically beneficial for health, such as Faecalibacterium, Anaerostipes, Blautia, and Roseburia (De Vos and de Vos, 2012; Rajilic-Stojanovic and de Vos, 2014; Reichardt et al, 2018), decreased significantly at T2. In contrast, pathobionts or members of oral microbiota such as Enterococcus, Eggerthella, Peptococcus, and Rothia (Weber and Gold, 2003;Zaura et al, 2009;Yeh et al, 2016;Si et al, 2017;Ugarte-Torres et al, 2018), showed a substantial increase at T2. Interestingly, the tendency to increase in T2 was also observed for the obligate anaerobic gut microbes, such as Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, and Methanobrevibacter, which are known to be the most stable in gut microbiota under external perturbations and assumed dependent on host genetic makeup (Goodrich et al, 2016) (Supplementary Material 6).…”

Computational Modeling of the Human Microbiome

“…A small number of studies have used network analysis or genome scale modeling to study the oral microbiome. Network analysis was used to analyze the co-occurence mechanisms among oral microbes and gut microbes [114]. It was found that Neisseria elongata and Granulicatella adiacens were involved in causing metabolic syndrome (MetS).…”