Bothrops jararaca accessory venom gland is an ancillary source of toxins to the snake

Valente, Richard H.; Luna, Milene Schmidt; Oliveira, Ursula Castro de; Nishiyama-Jr, Milton Yutaka; Junqueira-de-Azevedo, Inácio L.M.; Portes-Junior, José Antônio; Clissa, Patrı́cia Bianca; Viana, Luciana Godoy; Sanches, Leonardo; Moura-da-Silva, Ana Maria; Perales, Jonás; Yamanouye, Norma

doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2017.12.009

Cited by 15 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Taking into consideration our new data, we can now state that three components of the venom glandular apparatus from the Bothrops jararaca snake are able to produce toxins—the main venom gland [ 5 , 8 , 24 ], the accessory gland [ 21 ], and the primary duct (this work). Regarding venom storage, the main venom gland synthesizes and stores toxins inside a basal-central lumen [ 5 , 8 ] while, in the accessory gland, all synthesized toxins are stored in secretory vesicles inside the cells [ 20 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To verify whether the primary duct could secrete venom toxin(s)—as happens in the accessory gland [ 21 ]—we performed an immunohistochemistry assay. For this assay, we used the primary duct from a snake that had no venom recently extracted (0-day group) to detect the toxins, since we had shown that the amount of secretion inside the vesicles in the cytoplasm was higher than in the other conditions ( Figure 4 , panel A).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these “trends” should be confirmed by quantitative proteomics experiments before any claims on possible biological roles can be made. In summary, while the expression and synthesis of toxins in the accessory gland is correlated with the main venom gland, being SVMPs the most synthetized toxins [ 21 ], in the primary duct the pattern of toxin synthesis is different: synthetized proteins belong predominantly to the CTL/CTL-like family.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When comparing the secreted protein families from the primary duct (this work) and the accessory gland [ 21 ], one realizes that among protein families displaying a unique peptide spectral count ≥1%, all are synthetized by both tissues. However, some families are more abundant in the primary duct while others are more abundant in the accessory gland ( Figure 8 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the numerous studies concerning the morphology and physiology of secretory cells for venom production and secretion by the main venom gland [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ] and by the accessory gland [ 2 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], the few studies on the primary duct focused on its morphology [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Primary Duct of Bothrops jararaca Glandular Apparatus Secretes Toxins

Valente

Sakai

Portes-Junior

et al. 2018

Toxins

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Despite numerous studies concerning morphology and venom production and secretion in the main venom gland (and some data on the accessory gland) of the venom glandular apparatus of Viperidae snakes, the primary duct has been overlooked. We characterized the primary duct of the Bothrops jararaca snake by morphological analysis, immunohistochemistry and proteomics. The duct has a pseudostratified epithelium with secretory columnar cells with vesicles of various electrondensities, as well as mitochondria-rich, dark, basal, and horizontal cells. Morphological analysis, at different periods after venom extraction, showed that the primary duct has a long cycle of synthesis and secretion, as do the main venom and accessory glands; however, the duct has a mixed mode venom storage, both in the lumen and in secretory vesicles. Mouse anti-B. jararaca venom serum strongly stained the primary duct’s epithelium. Subsequent proteomic analysis revealed the synthesis of venom toxins—mainly C-type lectin/C-type lectin-like proteins. We propose that the primary duct’s toxin synthesis products complement the final venom bolus. Finally, we hypothesize that the primary duct and the accessory gland (components of the venom glandular apparatus) are part of the evolutionary path from a salivary gland towards the main venom gland.

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