Bioluminescent probe for detecting endogenous hypochlorite in living mice

Abstract

As a kind of biologically important reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypochlorite (ClO) plays a crucial role in many physiological processes. As such, endogenous ClO is a powerful antibacterial agent during pathogen invasion. Nonetheless, excessive endogenous ClO could pose a health threat to mammalian animals including humans. However, the detection of endogenous ClO by bioluminescence probes in vivo remains a considerable challenge. Herein, based on a caged strategy, we developed a turn-on bioluminescent probe 1 for the highly selective detection of ClOin vitro and imaging endogenous ClO in a mouse inflammation model. We anticipate that such a probe could help us understand the role of endogenous ClO in a variety of physiological and pathological processes.

Fluorescent phenothiazine-fused boron complexes for ratiometric hypochlorite imaging

“…Fluorescence imaging is becoming an efficient technique to image OCl − in living systems due to the advantages of realtime and highly sensitive imaging abilities. 10,11 To date, many fluorescent probes for imaging of OCl − have been developed based on the mechanisms including oxidative cleavage of CvC double bonds, [12][13][14] and oxidation of alkoxyaniline, 15,16 phenol, 17 hydrazide, 18 oxime, [19][20][21] sulfur/selenium atoms, [22][23][24][25][26] etc. Although these probes have shown excellent capabilities in imaging OCl − , many of them still suffer from drawbacks such as too long response time and poor interference resistance.…”

Constructing firefly luciferin bioluminescence probes for in vivo imaging

“…ClO − probe has been developed (Hypochlorite Probe 2), the limit of detection (LOD) of which was 20-fold lower than Hypochlorite Probe 1 (0.033 µM vs. 0.705 µM). 30 Hypochlorite Probe 2 is selective and sensitive for detecting hypochlorite in buffer solution and imaging endogenous hypochlorite in a mouse inflammation model. 30 According to the characteristics of the targets, it is essential to choose a highly reactive recognizable group.…”

“…30 Hypochlorite Probe 2 is selective and sensitive for detecting hypochlorite in buffer solution and imaging endogenous hypochlorite in a mouse inflammation model. 30 According to the characteristics of the targets, it is essential to choose a highly reactive recognizable group. Peroxynitrite (ONOO − ), generated by the diffusion-controlled reaction of O 2…”

Molecular Design of d-Luciferin-Based Bioluminescence and 1,2-Dioxetane-Based Chemiluminescence Substrates for Altered Output Wavelength and Detecting Various Molecules

“…In addition, the 6 -N-amide type of AL has been used for detecting endopeptidases, such as, α-chymotrypsin (Compound 123) [83], caspase 3/7 (Compound 124) [84], furin (Compound 125) [85], and fibroblast activation protein-α (Compound 126) [86]. In addition to enzymes, other targeted biomolecules include reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide (Compound 127, 128) [87,88], hypochlorite (Compound 129, 130) [89,90], and peroxynitrite (Compound 131) [91], active sulfur molecular species, such as hydrogen sulfide (Compound 132-134) [92,93] and polysulfide (Compound 135) [94], and biothiols (Compound 136-139) [95][96][97] (Figure 7). Further, bioluminescence probes for ions, such as copper (Compound 140, 141) [98,99], palladium (Compound 142, 143) [100], iron (Compound 144) [101], and fluorine (Compound 145, 146) [102], have also been reported (Figure 8).…”