From the intestinal flora to the microbiome

Abstract

In this article, the history of the microbiota is reviewed and the related concepts of the microbiota, microbiome, metagenome, pathobiont, dysbiosis, holobiont, phylotype and enterotype are defined. The most precise and current knowledge about the microbiota is presented and the metabolic, nutritional and immunomodulatory functions are reviewed. Some gastrointestinal diseases whose pathogenesis is associated with the intestinal microbiota, including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and celiac disease, among others, are briefly discussed. Finally, some prominent and promising data with regard to the fecal microbiota transplantation in certain digestive illness are discussed.

Anti-Helicobacter pylori treatment can effectively improve the clinical remission rates of irritable bowel syndrome: a controlled clinical trial meta-analysis

“…Studies have confirmed that the occurrence of IBS can be linked to increased activation of the gut-brain axis, high visceral sensitivity, intestinal flora changes, and increased immune activation. It is worth noting that intestinal flora changes may vary between regions and these changes are primarily characterized by significant decreases in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in Chinese patients and a decrease in Bifidobacteria and an increase in Bacteroides in European patients ( 26 , 27 ). Small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a condition characterized by the translocation of the distal intestinal flora to the small intestine in response to a variety of factors; this results in the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria, which is responsible for the manifestation of a series of clinical symptoms.…”

Inhibitory Effect of a Microecological Preparation on Azoxymethane/Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Inflammatory Colorectal Cancer in Mice

“…Intestinal flora is one of the most complex microbial systems in the human body. It is in a dynamic balance of symbiosis, coexistence, and co-prosperity between human hosts, and has a very important physiological function for human health (1,2). More and more studies have found that intestinal flora plays an important role in the occurrence of tumors, while digestive system tumors, as one of the most common malignant tumors in the world, also pose a serious threat to human health and constitute a major source of economic burden in the field of world public health (3,4).…”

Lactobacillus acidophilus LB: a useful pharmabiotic for the treatment of digestive disorders

“…Although the bacterial composition changes over 24 h, the enterotypes remain stable during a 10-day diet. 6,7,19,20 Benefits of probiotics, nutribiotics, and pharmabiotics There are six general mechanisms through which probiotics perform their beneficial effects, and there are essential differences between probiotic species and their strains. 3,7,12,13 Figure 2.…”