Abstract:We have witnessed rapid development of fluorescence molecular imaging of solid tumors for cancer diagnosis and image-guided surgery in the past decade. Many biomarkers unique to cancer cells or tumor microenvironment, such as cell surface receptors, hypoxia, secreted proteases and extracellular acidosis have been characterized, and can be used to distinguish cancer from normal tissue. A variety of optical imaging probes have been developed to target these biomarkers to improve tumor contrast over the backgroun… Show more
“…Tissue fibrosis and cancer are two major causes of high human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although there are multiple therapies for cancer, including chemotherapy, oncologic surgery, and radiation therapy, an effective therapeutic strategy is needed . Among these therapeutic strategies, chemotherapy is the main tool for curing various cancers.…”
Tissue fibrosis and cancer both lead to high morbidity and mortality worldwide; thus, effective therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Because drug resistance has been widely reported in fibrotic tissue and cancer, developing a strategy to discover novel targets for targeted drug intervention is necessary for the effective treatment of fibrosis and cancer. Although many factors lead to fibrosis and cancer, pathophysiological analysis has demonstrated that tissue fibrosis and cancer share a common process of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is associated with many mediators, including transcription factors (Snail, zinc‐finger E‐box‐binding protein and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), signaling pathways (transforming growth factor‐β1, RAC‐α serine/threonine‐protein kinase, Wnt, nuclear factor‐kappa B, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor, Notch, and RAS), RNA‐binding proteins (ESRP1 and ESRP2) and microRNAs. Therefore, drugs targeting EMT may be a promising therapy against both fibrosis and tumors. A large number of compounds that are synthesized or derived from natural products and their derivatives suppress the EMT by targeting these mediators in fibrosis and cancer. By targeting EMT, these compounds exhibited anticancer effects in multiple cancer types, and some of them also showed antifibrotic effects. Therefore, drugs targeting EMT not only have both antifibrotic and anticancer effects but also exert effective therapeutic effects on multiorgan fibrosis and cancer, which provides effective therapy against fibrosis and cancer. Taken together, the results highlighted in this review provide new concepts for discovering new antifibrotic and antitumor drugs.
“…Tissue fibrosis and cancer are two major causes of high human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although there are multiple therapies for cancer, including chemotherapy, oncologic surgery, and radiation therapy, an effective therapeutic strategy is needed . Among these therapeutic strategies, chemotherapy is the main tool for curing various cancers.…”
Tissue fibrosis and cancer both lead to high morbidity and mortality worldwide; thus, effective therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Because drug resistance has been widely reported in fibrotic tissue and cancer, developing a strategy to discover novel targets for targeted drug intervention is necessary for the effective treatment of fibrosis and cancer. Although many factors lead to fibrosis and cancer, pathophysiological analysis has demonstrated that tissue fibrosis and cancer share a common process of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is associated with many mediators, including transcription factors (Snail, zinc‐finger E‐box‐binding protein and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), signaling pathways (transforming growth factor‐β1, RAC‐α serine/threonine‐protein kinase, Wnt, nuclear factor‐kappa B, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor, Notch, and RAS), RNA‐binding proteins (ESRP1 and ESRP2) and microRNAs. Therefore, drugs targeting EMT may be a promising therapy against both fibrosis and tumors. A large number of compounds that are synthesized or derived from natural products and their derivatives suppress the EMT by targeting these mediators in fibrosis and cancer. By targeting EMT, these compounds exhibited anticancer effects in multiple cancer types, and some of them also showed antifibrotic effects. Therefore, drugs targeting EMT not only have both antifibrotic and anticancer effects but also exert effective therapeutic effects on multiorgan fibrosis and cancer, which provides effective therapy against fibrosis and cancer. Taken together, the results highlighted in this review provide new concepts for discovering new antifibrotic and antitumor drugs.
“…Furthermore, tumor hypoxia alters cancer cell metabolism and contributes to cancer cell invasion, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Therefore, sensing tumor hypoxia is particularly important for tumor diagnosis and prognosis …”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, sensing tumor hypoxia is particularly important for tumord iagnosis and prognosis. [13][14][15] Azobenzened erivatives with intensea bsorption bands in the UV/Vis light region often serve as nonfluorescent energy acceptors to quenchf luorophores in proximity. [16] The azobenzene quenched system has been used for proteolysis and nucleic acid hybridization detection.…”
A hypoxia‐responsive fluorescence probe of amphiphilic PEGylated azobenzene caged tetraphenylethene (TPE) for tumor cell imaging is reported; it possesses excellent solubility in aqueous medium due to the easy formation of micelles by self‐assembly. The fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) process ensures that the fluorescence of the azobenene caged AIE fluorogen is quenched efficiently. When cultured with tumor cells, the azo‐bond is reduced under hypoxia conditions and the fluorescence of AIE fluorogen recovers dramatically. Besides using UV light, NIR light can also be used as the excited light resource to generate the fluorescence due to the two‐photon fluorescence imaging process.
Despite advances in medical technology, the parathyroid glands are still damaged during thyroid surgery. Our previous studies exploring methods for locating the parathyroid glands using autofluorescence have limitations, such as turning off the surgical light or requiring additional matching between the autofluorescence image and realsurgical field-of-view. We developed a probe-type parathyroid autofluorescence detector using a phase-sensitive process and optical filtering to overcome these limitations. A preliminary clinical trial was performed on eight parathyroid glands in four patients. The normalized mean signal of the normal parathyroid glands was 332% stronger than that of the thyroid, and 384%, 459% and 286% stronger than the signal of the muscle, trachea and fat, respectively. Additionally, the device also detected fluorescence from indocyanine green.
K E Y W O R D Sautofluorescence, clinical, optical filter, parathyroid gland, phase-sensitive Abbreviations: FOV, field-of-view; ICG, indocyanine green; P/T ratio, parathyroid/thyroid intensity ratio; SNR, signal-to-noise ratio.
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