Disruption of the Gut Ecosystem by Antibiotics

Abstract

The intestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem consisting of various microorganisms that expands human genetic repertoire and therefore affects human health and disease. The metabolic processes and signal transduction pathways of the host and intestinal microorganisms are intimately linked, and abnormal progression of each process leads to changes in the intestinal environment. Alterations in microbial communities lead to changes in functional structures based on the metabolites produced in the gut, and these environmental changes result in various bacterial infections and chronic enteric inflammatory diseases. Here, we illustrate how antibiotics are associated with an increased risk of antibiotic-associated diseases by driving intestinal environment changes that favor the proliferation and virulence of pathogens. Understanding the pathogenesis caused by antibiotics would be a crucial key to the treatment of antibiotic-associated diseases by mitigating changes in the intestinal environment and restoring it to its original state.

Association between diverticular disease requiring surgical intervention and mortality in the postlung transplant population ‐ a retrospective cohort study

“…Beginning with the perioperative period, transplant recipients are at a higher risk for bowel ischaemia, especially if cardiopulmonary bypass is utilized during the transplant operation [31][32][33]. Additionally, the high doses of immunosuppression and the frequent use of broad spectrum antibiotics can significantly alter the gastrointestinal microbiome [34][35][36][37]. All of these might have a significant impact on the integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa.…”

Intestinal Serum Amyloid A suppresses systemic neutrophil activation and bactericidal activity in response to microbiota colonization

“…As microbiota-stimulated intestinal Saa production regulates systemic immune cell function, broad-spectrum antibiotics usage can dramatically impact the microbiota [68–70], and antibiotic treatment results in reduced mouse intestinal Saa [71], our model predicts antibiotic treatment would be associated with aberrant neutrophil function. We speculate that secondary infections that can occur following antibiotic use [72] could be due in part to concomitant alterations in SAA production.…”

Understanding the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway for the development of antimicrobial agents

“…In addition to from dietary sources, humans obtain riboflavin from riboflavin‐producing microflora of the large intestine; unlike dietary vitamins, which are adsorbed in the proximal tract of the small intestine, the riboflavin produced in the large intestine gets adsorbed in the colon . Recent studies have provided information about how antibiotic use can lead to the collapse of intestinal microbial communities causing inflammatory bowel disease . Antibiotics improve our lives by preventing, controlling, and treating diseases.…”

“…Technological advancements have enabled the study of how the microbial community recovers after antibiotic treatment is discontinued . New research has addressed the application and commercialization of probiotics to treat antibiotic‐induced gastrointestinal disease and to restore the host microbial community . Similarly, the use of antimicrobials targeting the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway would affect all microbial species that are dependent on riboflavin for their survival, which includes both harmful and beneficial microbes.…”

“…87,88 Recent studies have provided information about how antibiotic use can lead to the collapse of intestinal microbial communities causing inflammatory bowel disease. 89 Antibiotics improve our lives by preventing, controlling, and treating diseases. However, in addition to harmful pathogenic bacteria, the beneficial bacterial community is also affected by the use of antibiotics.…”