Increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and impact of ethnicity in north Sudan

Eltom, Mohamed; Mohamed, Abubakr; Elrayah-Eliadarous, Hind; Yassin, Kamal; Noor, Sufian K.; Elmadhoun, Wadie M; Ahmed, Mohamed H.

doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.11.034

Cited by 33 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, the T2DM prevalence of our study sample is similar to that of a sample from a study conducted by Mohamed et al [26] among the ethnic groups in northern Sudan, with a T2DM prevalence of 18.7%. Dhiraj et al [27] reported that in different tribes of the population, there were different burdens of T2DM in the sub-Himalayan region of India.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Prevalence and factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension among the hill tribe elderly populations in northern Thailand

Apidechkul

2018

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HT) are major noncommunicable health problems in both developing and developed countries, including Thailand. Each year, a large amount of money is budgeted for treatment and care. Hill tribe people are a marginalized population in Thailand, and members of its elderly population are vulnerable to health problems due to language barriers, lifestyles, and daily dietary intake.MethodsAn analytic cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of T2DM and HT and to assess the factors associated with T2DM and HT. The study populations were hill tribe elderly adults aged ≥ 60 years living in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. A simple random method was used to select the targeted hill tribe villages and participants into the study. A validated questionnaire, physical examination form, and 5-mL blood specimen were used as research instruments. Fasting plasma glucose and blood pressure were examined and used as outcome measurements. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used for detecting the associations between variables at the significance level alpha=0.05.ResultsIn total, 793 participants participated in the study; 49.6% were male, and 51.7% were aged 60-69 years. A total of 71.5% were Buddhist, 93.8% were uneducated, 62.9% were unemployed, and 89 % earned an income of < 5,000 baht/month. The overall prevalence of T2DM and HT was 16.8% and 45.5%, respectively. Approximately 9.0% individuals had comorbidity of T2DM and HT. Members of the Lahu, Yao, Karen, and Lisu tribes had a greater odds of developing T2DM than did those of the Akha tribe. Being overweight, having a parental history of T2DM, and having high cholesterol were associated with T2DM development. In contrast, those who engaged in highly physical activities and exercise had lower odds of developing T2DM than did those who did not. Regarding HT, being female, having a high dietary salt intake, being overweight, and having a parental history of HT were associated with HT development among the hill tribe elderly populations.ConclusionsThe prevalence of T2DH and HT among the hill tribe elderly populations is higher than that among the general Thai population. Public health interventions should focus on encouraging physical activity and reducing personal weight, dietary salt intake, and greasy food consumption among the hill tribe elderly.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5607-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Prevalence and factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension among the hill tribe elderly populations in northern Thailand

Apidechkul

2018

BMC Public Health

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“…The prevalence of low physical activity (21.3%) in this survey was lower than in a study in Khartoum state, Sudan, (53.8%) [14]. The proportion of raised total cholesterol (13.6%), and diabetes (5.9%) in this study was lower than in the 2005-2006 Khartoum State STEPS survey (raised total cholesterol 19.8% and diabetes 19.8%) [10] in four main cities of the River Nile State, north Sudan (diabetes 19.1%) [12], in the Northern State and River Nile State (diabetes 18.7%) [13], but higher than in the Malawi STEPS survey (raised cholesterol: 8.7% and raised fasting blood glucose: 5.6%) [17] and the Kenya STEPS survey (high blood total cholesterol: 10.1% and diabetes: 2.6% [16].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 59%

“…Some population-based studies among adults in Sudan were sub-national and only focused on speci c NCD risk factors, such as the prevalence of overweight/obesity was 56.1% in four states (Khartoum, Gezira, Blue Nile, and Kassala) [5], 59.0% in Gadarif, Eastern Sudan [6], hypertension was 16.6% in four states (Khartoum, Gezira, Blue Nile, and Kassala) [7], 40.8% in Gadarif, Eastern Sudan [8], the 35.7% in four main cities of the River Nile State, north Sudan [9], 23.6% in the [2005][2006] Khartoum State STEPS survey [10], and 27.6% in Khartoum State in Sudan [11]. The prevalence of diabetes was 19.1% in four main cities of the River Nile State, north Sudan [12], 18.7% in the Northern State and River Nile State [13], and 19.8% in the 2005-2006 Khartoum State STEPS survey [10]. In a community-based study in Khartoum state, Sudan, the prevalence of physical inactivity was 53.8% [14], the prevalence of current smoking was 12.0% in the 2005-2006 Khartoum State STEPS survey [10], and in a cross-sectional survey of 403 households in Kassala State, Sudan, 72.8% and 36.2% rarely or did not consume fruit and vegetables, respectively [15].…”

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence and correlates of multiple non-communicable diseases risk factors among adults in Sudan: Results of the first national STEPS survey in 2016

Pengpid

Peltzer

2020

Preprint

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Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are on the rise in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of multiple NCD risk factors among adults in Sudan. Methods Cross-sectional nationally representative data were analysed from 7,722 18–69 year-old individuals (median age = 36 years) that took part in the “2016 Sudan STEPS survey.” Results The prevalence of individual NCD risk factors was 94.6% inadequate fruit and vegetable intake, followed by hypertension (31.6%), general overweight/obesity (28.0%), low physical activity (21.3%), current tobacco use (15.7%), raised total cholesterol (13.6%), diabetes (5.9%), and heavy episodic drinking (1.7%). In all, 34.2% had 0–1 NCD risk factor, 33.5% 2 risk factors, and 32.4% 3 or more NCD risk factors. In adjusted ordinal logistic regression analysis, compared to individuals 18–34 years old, persons 50–69 years old were 3.52 times (AOR: 3.52, 95% CI: 2.88–4.31) more likely to have multiple NCD risk factors. Men were 21% (AOR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.00-1.46) more likely than women to have multiple NCD risk factors. Individuals residing in urban areas were 86% (AOR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.49–2.32) more likely than individuals residing in rural areas to have multiple NCD risk factors, and compared to persons never married, married participants and persons separated, divorced or widowed persons were 51% (AOR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.22–1.87) and 74% (AOR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.22–2.47), respectively, more likely to have multiple NCD risk factors. Compared to persons with less than 500 pounds household income, persons with over 2000 pounds household income were 75% (AOR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.28–2.38) more likely to have multiple NCD risk factors. Compared to women who cannot read or write, women who had more than primary education were 38% (AOR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.06–1.80) more likely to have multiple NCD risk factors. Compared to men who were self-employed, engaged in non-paid work, were students or unemployed (able to work), government employees, non-government employees, retired or unemployed (unable to work) had a significantly higher odds of having multiple NCD risk factors. Conclusion Almost one in three participants had three or more NCD risk factors and several associated variables were identified that can facilitate in designing intervention programmes.

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“…Prevalence rates are higher in some Northern states, and higher in urban (19.1%) versus rural area (2.6%) (Noor et al, 2015;Elmadhoun et al, 2016). Individuals of Egyptian and mixed descent also have increased risk of getting T2DM (Eltom et al, 2018) Researchers attributed the increase in prevalence of diabetes in Sudan to the increase in obesity rates, increased sugar intake, lack of physical activity, and excess carbohydrate intake (Ali et al, 2017;Khalil et al, 2017;El-Sayed et al, 2018), with approximately 40% of the cases of T2DM attributable to obesity among the population in Sudan Zambia Prevalence rates for diabetes are estimated at 3.5% up to 5.35% of the population (Bailey et al, 2016;Mukanu et al, 2017) Zimbabwe Pooled prevalence rates suggest 5.7% of the population have diabetes and rising (Mutowo et al, 2015)…”

Section: Appendix 1 Prevalence Rates Of Pre-diabetes and Diabetes Amomentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Ongoing Activities and Challenges to Improve the Care of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Across Africa and the Implications for the Future

et al. 2020

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Increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and impact of ethnicity in north Sudan

Cited by 33 publications

References 20 publications

Prevalence and factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension among the hill tribe elderly populations in northern Thailand

Prevalence and factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension among the hill tribe elderly populations in northern Thailand

Prevalence and correlates of multiple non-communicable diseases risk factors among adults in Sudan: Results of the first national STEPS survey in 2016

Review of Ongoing Activities and Challenges to Improve the Care of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Across Africa and the Implications for the Future

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