The role of the early social environment on Epstein Barr virus infection: a prospective observational design using the Millennium Cohort Study

Garès, Valérie; Panico, Lidia; Castagné, Raphaële; Delpierre, Cyrille; Kelly-Irving, Michelle

doi:10.1017/s0950268817002515

Cited by 38 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…All have well-established associations with numerous health outcomes and mortality, through various pathways such as behaviours, chemical and physical exposures or chronic stress exposures. 3 Moreover, evidence has suggested a link between disadvantaged SEP and increased risk of infectious disease in general 4 5 and immune response. People with disadvantaged SEP should be considered as high-risk populations at the time of any infectious disease outbreak 6 since their social context could affect the occurrence and severity of an infectious disease via several pathways.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards

Khalatbari-Soltani

Cumming

Delpierre

et al. 2020

J Epidemiol Community Health

296

324

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Disadvantaged socioeconomic position (SEP) is widely associated with disease and mortality, and there is no reason to think this will not be the case for the newly emerged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has reached a pandemic level. Individuals with a more disadvantaged SEP are more likely to be affected by most of the known risk factors of COVID-19. SEP has been previously established as a potential determinant of infectious diseases in general. We hypothesise that SEP plays an important role in the COVID-19 pandemic either directly or indirectly via occupation, living conditions, health-related behaviours, presence of comorbidities and immune functioning. However, the influence of socioeconomic factors on COVID-19 transmission, severity and outcomes is not yet known and is subject to scrutiny and investigation. Here we briefly review the extent to which SEP has been considered as one of the potential risk factors of COVID-19. From 29 eligible studies that reported the characteristics of patients with COVID-19 and their potential risk factors, only one study reported the occupational position of patients with mild or severe disease. This brief overview of the literature highlights that important socioeconomic characteristics are being overlooked when data are collected. As COVID-19 spreads worldwide, it is crucial to collect and report data on socioeconomic determinants as well as race/ethnicity to identify high-risk populations. A systematic recording of socioeconomic characteristics of patients with COVID-19 will be beneficial to identify most vulnerable groups, to identify how SEP relates to COVID-19 and to develop equitable public health prevention measures, guidelines and interventions.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low income might affect living conditions in many ways, such as residence in more deprived neighbourhoods and housing conditions, especially cramped or overcrowded housing, which has been associated with an increased risk of infection from numerous pathogens, such as tuberculosis 15 Helicobacter pylori 16 or Epstein–Barr virus. 5…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards

Khalatbari-Soltani

Cumming

Delpierre

et al. 2020

J Epidemiol Community Health

296

324

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…respectively. Studies will be categorized in quality of good [with the scores of [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44], moderate [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], and poor [0][1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Critical Appraisal Of Individual Sources Of Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic status (SES) disparities in health are ubiquitous [6,7] and have been linked directly or indirectly to individual life expectancy and mortality [8]. Evidence shows a connection between low-SES and high risk of infectious disease in terms of both incidence and severity [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Disparities in COVID-19

Khanijahani

Gholipour

Azami-Aghdash

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. It has become a pandemic and an international public emergency. Preliminary evidence shows that as the pandemic spreads throughout the countries, disparities are observed in health outcomes of patients with COVID-19, especially in terms of morbidity and mortality. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analyses will be conducted to measure the racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19. The target population includes the population of the countries during the pandemic of COVID-19. The exposure is minority ethnicity and low-socioeconomic status. Minority or low-socioeconomic status groups will be compared to the majority or high-socioeconomic status groups. The main outcomes of interests include 1) mortality rate, 2) morbidity rate, 3) deaths among the infected individuals, 4) availability of healthcare resources, 5) accessibility of healthcare resources, 6) time to recovery, 7) complications; and 8) access to testing.Discussion: By quantifying and documenting the existence and extent of the racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19, we will identify the areas that deserve immediate action to prevent devastating consequences. The results of this systematic review will help policymakers to adopt effective strategies in managing the COVID-19 crisis in a just way not only in the absence of certain treatment and vaccination but also after reaching them as well. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registry number: CRD42020190105

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“…EBV infects over 90% of the human population worldwide and the rates of infection are higher among ages 15-24 years with 6-8 cases/1000 persons per year [1]. By four years of age, EBV seroprevalence is close to 100% in developing countries and 25-50% in lower socioeconomic groups in the United States [2]. IM is characterized by a triad of fever, tonsillar pharyngitis, and cervical lymphadenopathy [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limited Utility of Serology and Heterophile Test in the Early Diagnosis of Epstein–Barr Virus Mononucleosis in a Child after Renal Transplantation

et al. 2020

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Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in renal transplant (RT) recipients. The spectrum of illness ranges from infectious mononucleosis (IM) to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). In association with clinical signs and symptoms, virus-specific serology and heterophile antibody tests are widely used in confirming the diagnosis of IM in the general population. However, these tests may have a limited role in immunosuppressed RT recipients from seropositive donor, especially in children who were EBV-seronegative prior to the transplant. The aim of this study is to evaluate the utility of these tests in the early diagnosis of IM in this subset of patients. Methods: This is a case study with a review of literature. Results: Here, we present a 14-year-old male with hemophilia B who presented with fever, fatigue, sore throat, palatal petechial rash, exudative tonsillitis and cervical lymphadenopathy 3 months post-RT. He was EBV seronegative prior to RT and received a deceased donor kidney transplant from a seropositive donor. Induction was done with Thymoglobulin and maintenance immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus and mycophenolate. Initial heterophile antibody test (monospot) was negative, but became positive at 5 months and remained positive at 9 months follow-up post-RT. EBV viral capsid antigens (VCA) IgM and IgG, early antigen (EA) and nuclear antigen (EBNA) were all negative at the time of presentation. VCA IgM and IgG both became positive at 5 months and peaked at 9 months follow-up, however the EA and EBNA remained negative. EBV viral load as measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was negative for the first 3 months post-RT but became positive at presentation, peaked at 6 months and started declining thereafter. Peripheral blood smear examination showed no absolute and atypical lymphocytosis. Cytomegalovirus PCR in the blood and throat culture for streptococcus were negative. There was no splenomegaly. He was managed conservatively with intravenous fluids, bed rest, antipyretics and reduction of immunosuppression. Conclusions: EBV serological markers have a limited role in the early diagnosis of EBV-IM following RT in prior seronegative children. Initial heterophile antibody test may also be negative, and hence a repeat test may be necessary. Once becoming positive, the VCA IgM may remain persistently elevated for prolonged duration. In addition to the suppressed cellular immunity secondary to immunosuppression, humoral response to viral infections is also delayed in transplant recipients, especially in the early transplant period. Hence, routine monitoring with PCR is superior to serology in diagnosing IM early and monitoring the EBV infection post-RT for timely evaluation and management.

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The role of the early social environment on Epstein Barr virus infection: a prospective observational design using the Millennium Cohort Study

Abstract: We showed that early life material deprivation was associated with a higher risk of EBV infection among 3-year-olds. Children living in more deprived social conditions may be more likely to become EBV carriers at an earlier age.

Cited by 38 publications

References 28 publications

Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards

Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards

Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Disparities in COVID-19

Limited Utility of Serology and Heterophile Test in the Early Diagnosis of Epstein–Barr Virus Mononucleosis in a Child after Renal Transplantation

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