Urgent call for action: avoiding spread and re-urbanisation of yellow fever in Brazil

Possas, Cristina; Felzemburgh, Ridalva Dias Martins; Oliveira, Ricardo Lourenço de; Homma, Akira

doi:10.1590/0074-02760170361

Cited by 62 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, both field and experimental data remain too sparse and sometimes diverge [129,130] and more investigations are definitely needed so that these assumptions can be discussed on a solid basis. Overall, the risk of urban spread of YFV due to the presence of dense populations of Aaa mosquitoes in numerous urban centres where most of the inhabitants are nonimmune remains a concern in multiple countries in South America [62, [131][132][133][134].…”

Section: Heterogeneous Populations Within the Domestic Vector Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…aegypti have not been reported recently in South America (see the "Ecology of Yellow Fever Virus" section). However, the presence of dense populations of these mosquitoes in numerous urban centres where most of the inhabitants are nonimmune remains a concern in tropical/sub-tropical countries throughout South America [133,134], notably with the emergence of new variants showing increased epidemic potential such as the 1E sublineage of the South American genotype I [142].…”

Section: In South Americamentioning

confidence: 99%

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What Does the Future Hold for Yellow Fever Virus? (I)

Klitting

Fischer

Drexler

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract:The recent resurgence of yellow fever virus (YFV) activity in the tropical regions of Africa and South America has sparked renewed interest in this infamous arboviral disease. YFV had been a human plague for centuries prior to the identification of its urban transmission vector, the Aedes aegypti mosquito species, and the development of an efficient live-attenuated vaccine, the YF-17D strain. The combination of vector-control measures and vaccination campaigns drastically reduced YFV incidence in humans on many occasions, but the virus never ceased to circulate in the forest, through its sylvatic invertebrate vector(s) and vertebrate host(s). Outbreaks recently reported in Central Africa (2015)(2016) and Brazil (since late 2016), reached considerable proportions in terms of spatial distribution and total numbers of cases, with multiple exports, including to China. In turn, questions regarding the likeliness of occurrence of large urban YFV outbreaks in the Americas or of a successful import of YFV to Asia are currently resurfacing. This two-part review describes the current state of knowledge and gaps regarding the molecular biology and transmission dynamics of YFV, along with an overview of the tools that can be used to manage the disease at the individual, local and global levels.

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Section: Heterogeneous Populations Within the Domestic Vector Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In South Americamentioning

confidence: 99%

What Does the Future Hold for Yellow Fever Virus? (I)

Klitting

Fischer

Drexler

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…In Brazil, the yellow fever virus (YFV) have been sporadically detected in human and non-human primates (NHPs) populations from the enzootic/endemic Northern (Amazon) and epidemic Central-Western regions during the second half of the 20 th century (Carrington and Auguste, 2013;Monath and Vasconcelos, 2015). Since the early 2000s, the virus has progressively expanded to the Southeastern and Southern Brazilian regions and in December 2016 began the largest epizootic/epidemic of sylvatic YF registered in the country over the last 50 years (Vasconcelos, 2010;Possas et al, 2018a;Possas et al, 2018b). Between December 2016 and June 2018, a total of 2,139 YF human cases were confirmed in all Southeastern Brazilian states of Minas Gerais (n = 997), São Paulo (n = 577), Rio de Janeiro (n = 307) and Espírito Santo (n = 258) with 735 deaths (case-fatality, 34%).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct YFV lineages co-circulated in the Central-Western and Southeastern Brazilian regions from 2015 to 2018

Delatorre

Abreu

Ribeiro

et al. 2019

Preprint

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28 29 30 Keywords: Yellow fever virus, Brazilian outbreak, lineages, amino acid changes, phylogeography. 31 32 33 34 35 Delatorre et al., 2019 -Distinct YFV lineages co-circulated in Brazil 2 Abstract 36The current outbreak of yellow fever virus (YFV) that is afflicting Brazil since the end of 2016 probably 37 originated from a re-introduction of YFV from endemic areas into the non-endemic Southeastern 38Brazil. However, the lack of genomic sequences from endemic regions hinders the tracking of YFV's 39 dissemination routes. We assessed the origin and spread of the ongoing YFV Brazilian outbreak 40 analyzing a new set of YFV strains infecting humans, non-human primates (NHP) and mosquitoes 41 sampled across five Brazilian states from endemic and non-endemic regions between 2015 and 2018. 42We found two YFV sub-clade 1E lineages circulating in NHP from Goiás state (GO), resulting from 43 independent viral introductions into the Araguaia tributary river basin: while the strain from 2017 44 clustered intermingled with Venezuelan YFV strains from 2000, the YFV strain sampled in 2015 45 clustered with sequences of the current YFV outbreak in the Brazilian Southeastern region (named 46 YFV2015-2018 lineage), displaying the same molecular signature associated to the current YFV outbreak. 47After its introduction in GO at around mid-2014, the YFV2015-2018 lineage followed two paths of 48 dissemination outside GO, originating two major YFV sub-lineages: 1) the YFVMG/ES/RJ sub-lineage 49 spread sequentially from the eastern area of Minas Gerais state to Espírito Santo and then to Rio de 50 Janeiro states, following the Southeast Atlantic basin; 2) the YFVMG/SP sub-lineage spread from the 51 southwestern area of Minas Gerais to the metropolitan region of São Paulo state, following the Paraná 52 basin. These results indicate the ongoing YFV outbreak in Southeastern Brazil originated from a 53 dissemination event from GO almost two years before its recognition at the end of 2016. From GO this 54 lineage was introduced in Minas Gerais state at least two times, originating two sub-lineages that 55 followed different routes towards densely populated areas. The spread of YFV outside endemic regions 56 for at least four years stresses the imperative importance of the continuous monitoring of YFV to aid 57 decision-making for effective control policies aiming the increase of vaccination coverage to avoid the 58 YFV transmission in densely populated urban centers. 59 60 Delatorre et al., 2019 -Distinct YFV lineages co-circulated in Brazil 3

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“…Sylvatic yellow fever (YF) cycles propagate the virus among monkeys with occasional transmission to humans, and are responsible for the majority of the human cases reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) . The risk for explosive urban YFV cycles becomes a concern when sylvatic YFV outbreaks occur near densely populated areas infested by Aedes aegypti . In such areas, YF control can be obtained through mosquito control and through human immunization.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 The risk for explosive urban YFV cycles becomes a concern when sylvatic YFV outbreaks occur near densely populated areas infested by Aedes aegypti. 4,5 In such areas, YF control can be obtained through mosquito control and through human immunization. Unfortunately, vector control programs, while successful in the past, have been discontinued, and mosquito populations returning to high levels are now responsible for recurring outbreaks with cocirculation of multiple arboviruses including DENV, chikungunya virus (CHIKV), ZIKV, and YFV.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of yellow fever virus with amotosalen and ultraviolet A light pathogen‐reduction technology

2020

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BACKGROUND The reemergence of yellow fever virus (YFV) in Africa and Brazil, and massive vaccine campaigns triggered to contain the outbreaks, have raised concerns over blood transfusion safety and availability with increased risk of YFV transfusion‐transmitted infections (TTIs) by native and vaccine‐acquired YFV. Blood donor deferral for 2 to 4 weeks following live attenuated YFV vaccination, and deferral for travel to endemic/epidemic areas, may result in blood donor loss and impact platelet component (PC) stocks. This study investigated the efficacy of INTERCEPT Blood System pathogen reduction (PR) with use of amotosalen and ultraviolet A (UVA) light to inactivate high levels of YFV in PCs. MATERIALS Four units of apheresis platelets prepared in 35% plasma/65% platelet additive solution (PC‐PAS) and 4 units of PC in 100% human plasma (PC‐Plasma) were spiked with high infectious titers of YFV (YFV‐17D vaccine strain). YFV‐17D infectious titers were measured by plaque assay and expressed as plaque‐forming units (PFU) before and after amotosalen/UVA treatment to determine log reduction. RESULTS The mean YFV‐17D infectious titers in PC before inactivation were 5.5 ± 0.1 log PFU/mL in PC‐PAS and 5.3 ± 0.1 log PFU/mL in PC‐Plasma. No infectivity was detected immediately after amotosalen/UVA treatment. CONCLUSION The amotosalen/UVA PR system inactivated high titers of infectious YFV‐17D in PC. This PR technology could reduce the risk of YFV TTI and help secure PC supplies in areas experiencing YFV outbreaks where massive vaccination campaigns are required.

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Urgent call for action: avoiding spread and re-urbanisation of yellow fever in Brazil

Cited by 62 publications

References 12 publications

What Does the Future Hold for Yellow Fever Virus? (I)

What Does the Future Hold for Yellow Fever Virus? (I)

Distinct YFV lineages co-circulated in the Central-Western and Southeastern Brazilian regions from 2015 to 2018

Inactivation of yellow fever virus with amotosalen and ultraviolet A light pathogen‐reduction technology

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