The correlation between concentrations of zolpidem and benzodiazepines in segmental hair samples and use patterns

Intra‐patient variability of the hair levels of pain medications in chronic migraine patients – a pilot study

“…In fact, 1–2 doses of almotriptan, tramadol, codeine, citalopram, and clonazepam, taken shortly before the hair sampling, were undetected or not quantifiable. Any compound requires a certain time span, which varies from days to weeks, to be included in the hair shaft . Therefore, recent use of a few doses of a drug may not be detected (if there is no sweat contamination) despite the sensitivity of LC–MS/MS procedures, because it is not yet incorporated into the keratin matrix.…”

Determination of zolpidem phenyl‐4‐carboxylic acid and zolpidem 6‐carboxylic acid in hair using gas chromatography–electron ionization–tandem mass spectrometry

“…This is commonly found in drug‐facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) as a subset of DFC (Chèze, Duffort, Deveaux, & Pépin, 2005). ZPD is the drug that is most frequently used by DFSA offenders and 31 cases out of 148 DFSA cases submitted to National Forensic Service in Korea between 2006 and 2012 involved ZPD (Choi, Ahn, Chang, Chung, & Baeck, 2015; Kim et al, 2018). Therefore, its potential for abuse requires sensitive and reliable analytical methods in biological samples and this has become an issue of concern for forensic toxicology.…”

“…Several analytical methods have been reported for detection of ZPD in hair, including gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) (Colucci et al, 2013; Lee et al, 2011), liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) (Cui et al, 2013; Kim et al, 2018; Kintz, Villain, & Ludes, 2004; Miyaguchi, 2013), liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight–mass spectrometry (Kronstrand, Forsman, & Roman, 2018) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (Erne, Bernard, Steuer, Baumgartner, & Kraemer, 2019). Among them, LC–MS/MS is the most often employed instrumentation for routine analyses of ZPD.…”

“…Among them, LC–MS/MS is the most often employed instrumentation for routine analyses of ZPD. However, only two LC–MS/MS methods for analyzing ZPD metabolites in human hair have been reported so far (Kim et al, 2018; Shin et al, 2019). These studies reported that only ZPCA was detected in one hair sample.…”

Determination of barbiturates in hair samples by using a validated UHPLC-HRMS method: application in investigation of drug-facilitated sexual assault

“…Hair is a unique biological sample for retrospective detection of drug exposure when the sampling procedure in DFSA case was delay [6][7][8][9]. Segmental analysis of hair strands provides useful information on historic pattern of drug use, enabling differentiation between single-dose exposure in DFSA cases and chronic use in clinic therapy [10][11][12][13]. For these reasons, hair is an excellent biological sample with particular value in DFSA cases [14,15].…”