Greywater characterization and generation rates in a peri urban municipality of a developing country

Oteng-Peprah, Michael; Vries, Nanne K. de; Acheampong, Mike A.

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.068

Cited by 46 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…These high temperatures may favour microbiological growth which is undesirable and may also cause precipitation of certain carbonates such as CaCO 3 and other inorganic salts which become less soluble at high temperatures. The concentration of total suspended solids in greywater can range within 190–537 mg/L as has been reported (Edwin et al 2014; Oteng-Peprah et al 2018). Greywater with much of the water originating from the kitchen and laundry accounts for the relatively high values of total suspended solids (TSS), and this may be due to washing of clothes, shoes, vegetables, fruits, tubers and many others which may contain sand, clay and other materials that could increase TSS.…”

Section: Physical Constituentssupporting

confidence: 55%

Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review

Oteng-Peprah

Acheampong

DeVries

2018

Water Air Soil Pollut

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217

102

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This paper presents a literature review of the quality of greywater generated in different, especially developing, countries, constituents found in greywater, some treatment systems, natural materials for treatment, some reuse strategies and public perception regarding greywater reuse. The review shows that generation rates are mostly influenced by lifestyle, types of fixtures used and climatic conditions. Contaminants found in greywater are largely associated with the type of detergent used and influenced by other household practices. Many of the treatment systems reviewed were unable to provide total treatment as each system has its unique strength in removing a group of targeted pollutants. The review revealed that some naturally occurring materials such as Moringa oleifera, sawdust, can be used to remove targeted pollutants in greywater. The study further showed that user perceptions towards greywater treatment and reuse were only favourable towards non-potable purposes, mostly due to perceived contamination or lack of trust in the level of treatment offered by the treatment system.

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Section: Physical Constituentssupporting

confidence: 55%

Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review

Oteng-Peprah

Acheampong

DeVries

2018

Water Air Soil Pollut

Self Cite

217

102

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“…It is probable that houses not connected to the sewer dispose of greywater into lanes, drains, ditches, open urban spaces, streets, etc. although faecal matter may be contained onsite, a common practice in urban Ghana (Vodounhessi & Münch 2006;Kuffour 2010;Gretsch et al 2016;Nkansah et al 2016;Dwumfour-Asare et al 2017;Oteng-Peprah et al 2018).…”

Section: Asafo's Simplified Sewerage Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greywater in the drains of a sewered community in Ghana

Dwumfour-Asare

Nyarko

Essandoh

et al. 2018

Water Practice and Technology

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With less than 5% sewerage coverage and abysmal greywater management, Ghana's environment could be highly polluted, especially water resources. The few sewered communities may be guilty of pollution from greywater discharge into stormwater drains. In this study, Asafo, Ghana, was used as a case study to assess greywater characteristics in the major drains in a sewered community. The approach involved desk study reviews and laboratory analysis of greywater samples. The findings showed some inhabitants discharge greywater into neighbourhood drains instead of sewers. Most greywater sources from reviews and sampled drains failed the discharge limits for major contaminants including turbidity (39.4–2,880 NTU), BOD5 (64–700 mg/L), COD (207–2,308 mg/L), TSS (70–4,720 mg/L), TDS (420–2,860 mg/L), nutrients – TKN, NH3-N, NO3−-N, NO2−-N (0–218.5 mg/L), total P and PO43−(1.24–26.18 mg/L), elemental species – Na, K, Mg, etc (0–1.6 mg/L), and microbiological – total and faecal coliforms, and E. coli (2.95–10.4 log CFU/100 ml). High strength greywater accounted for odour emissions where flows stagnated. Greywater characteristics are highly variable but have potential for biological treatment as the BOD5:COD ratios ≥0.5. Ghanaian greywater, including flows from a sewered community, is untreated and polluted, and our environment is unsafe.

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“…In developing countries, 89% of domestic wastewater is reported as graywater. [1] Therefore, studies related to graywater treatment have gained importance, especially in developing countries. [2] The effluent of the washing machines constitutes a large part of the graywater, [3] and a typical washing machine produces nearly 10 L of wastewater for 1 kg of clothes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrocoagulation/Electroflotation Process for Removal of Organics and Microplastics in Laundry Wastewater

Akarsu

Deniz

2020

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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In the present research, laundry wastewater treatment is studied using the electrocoagulation/electroflotation process. For the optimization of treatment conditions such as electrode type (Al–Al, Al–Fe, Fe–Fe, and Fe–Al), initial pH (5–9), current (0.54–2.16 A), and application time (15–60 min), response surface methodology is used. Removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, anionic surfactant, microplastic, and phosphate are studied. It is determined that the most effective removal is obtained with 2.16 A current, pH 9, and 60 min reaction time using Fe–Al electrode. Here, 91%, 94%, 100%, and 98% removal efficiencies are achieved for COD, surfactant, color, and microplastic, respectively. The operating cost of the combined process is calculated as $1.32 m−3 for the optimum removal parameters. The adsorption kinetics study shows that the removal follows second‐order kinetics. The laboratory‐scale test results indicate that the electrocoagulation/electroflotation process is feasible for the treatment of laundry wastewater.

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Greywater characterization and generation rates in a peri urban municipality of a developing country

Cited by 46 publications

References 27 publications

Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review

Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review

Greywater in the drains of a sewered community in Ghana

Electrocoagulation/Electroflotation Process for Removal of Organics and Microplastics in Laundry Wastewater

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