Surveillance for Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated with Drinking Water — United States, 2013–2014

Benedict, Katharine M.; Reses, Hannah E.; Vigar, Marissa; Roth, David M.; Roberts, Virginia A.; Mattioli, Mia; Cooley, Laura A.; Hilborn, Elizabeth D.; Wade, Timothy J.; Fullerton, Kathleen E.; Yoder, Jonathan S.; Hill, Vincent R.

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6644a3

Cited by 226 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…In this report, Legionella was responsible for all nine outbreaks linked to institutional settings and was responsible for all 17 reported deaths and 94% of all reported hospitalizations. This corresponds with surveillance data from drinking water-associated outbreaks (8) and underscores the importance of water management programs for maintaining water quality, preventing illness, and saving lives.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated With Environmental and Undetermined Exposures to Water — United States, 2013–2014

McClung

Roth

Vigar

et al. 2017

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated With Environmental and Undetermined Exposures to Water — United States, 2013–2014

McClung

Roth

Vigar

et al. 2017

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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“…Notwithstanding this gap in knowledge, irrigation water has long been regarded as an important vehicle for pathogens associated with foodborne illnesses (Uyttendaele et al, 2015). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, outbreaks that occurred during 2013 to 2014 from drinking water systems solely supplied by surface water accounted for nearly 80% of reported cases (Allende and Monaghan, 2015; Benedict et al, 2017; Uyttendaele et al, 2015). However, there is a paucity of research capable of linking microbial contamination in irrigation water to foodborne outbreaks in the United States (Pachepsky et al, 2016; Partyka et al, 2018).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Variability in Microbial Quality of Western US Agricultural Water Supplies: A Multistate Study

et al. 2018

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In 2011, the US Congress passed the Food Safety Modernization Act, which tasks the US Food and Drug Administration to establish microbiological standards for agricultural water. However, little data are available for the microbiological quality of surface water irrigation supplies. During the 2015 irrigation season, we conducted a baseline study on the microbial water quality of large irrigation districts in California (n = 2) and Washington (n = 4). Monthly samples (n = 517) were analyzed for bacterial indicators (fecal coliforms, enterococci, and Escherichia coli) and pathogens (Salmonella spp., E. coli O157, and non‐O157 Shiga toxin‐producing E. coli [STEC]). Although there was a high degree of variability (μ ± SD = 59.13 ± 106.0), only 11% of samples (56/517) exceeded 126 colony‐forming units (CFU) 100 mL−1, and only six samples exceeded 410 CFU 100 mL−1. Two volumes of water were collected for pathogen analysis (1 L and 10 L); prevalence of Salmonella in 10‐L samples (68/149) was nearly double of that found in 1‐L samples (132/517). We found STEC during ∼9% of sampling events (58/517); serotypes O26 and O45 were the most common at 31 and 26%, respectively. Pathogens were not associated with exceedance of the regulatory threshold, yet the odds of detecting Salmonella increased approximately threefold (odds ration [O.R.] = 3.14, p < 0.0001) for every log increase in turbidity. Microbiological outcomes were highly district‐specific, suggesting drivers of water quality vary across spatiotemporal scales. The true risk of contamination of produce from irrigation water supplies remains unknown, along with the optimal monitoring strategy to improve food safety. Core Ideas Western US irrigation water supplies rarely exceed FDA agricultural water standards. Indicator bacteria are not predictive of pathogen prevalence or concentration. Prevalence of pathogens in irrigation water is higher than previously reported. Odds of detecting Salmonella improved >270% with an increase in sample volume. More research is needed to provide science‐based guidance to the produce industry.

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“…In this report, Legionella was responsible for all nine outbreaks linked to institutional settings and was responsible for all 17 reported deaths and 94% of all reported hospitalizations. This corresponds with surveillance data from drinking water–associated outbreaks and underscores the importance of water management programs for maintaining water quality, preventing illness, and saving lives.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Waterborne disease outbreaks associated with environmental and undetermined exposures to water — United States, 2013-2014

McClung

Roth

Vigar

et al. 2018

American Journal of Transplantation

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Surveillance for Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated with Drinking Water — United States, 2013–2014

Cited by 226 publications

References 7 publications

Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated With Environmental and Undetermined Exposures to Water — United States, 2013–2014

Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated With Environmental and Undetermined Exposures to Water — United States, 2013–2014

Spatiotemporal Variability in Microbial Quality of Western US Agricultural Water Supplies: A Multistate Study

Waterborne disease outbreaks associated with environmental and undetermined exposures to water — United States, 2013-2014

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