Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems Containing Plantago lanceolata—An Assessment of Their Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Effects

Abstract

The most important components of Plantago lanceolata L. leaves are catalpol, aucubin, and acteoside (=verbascoside). These bioactive compounds possess different pharmacological effects: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antineoplastic, and hepatoprotective. The aim of this study was to protect Plantago lanceolata extract from hydrolysis and to improve its antioxidant effect using self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS). Eight SNEDDS compositions were prepared, and their physical properties, in vitro cytotoxicity, and in vivo AST/ALT values were investigated. MTT cell viability assay was performed on Caco-2 cells. The well-diluted samples (200 to 1000-fold dilutions) proved to be non-cytotoxic. The acute administration of PL-SNEDDS compositions resulted in minor changes in hepatic markers (AST, ALT), except for compositions 4 and 8 due to their high Transcutol contents (80%). The non-toxic compositions showed a significant increase in free radical scavenger activity measured by the DPPH test compared to the blank SNEDDS. An indirect dissolution test was performed, based on the result of the DPPH antioxidant assay; the dissolution profiles of Plantago lancolata extract were statistically different from each SNEDDS. The anti-inflammatory effect of PL-SNEDDS compositions was confirmed by the ear inflammation test. For the complete examination period, all compositions decreased ear edema as compared to the positive (untreated) control. It can be concluded that PL-SNEDDS compositions could be used to deliver active natural compounds in a stable, efficient, and safe manner.

Formulation and Characterizations of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Extract Petiveria Alliacea (Singawalang) Leaves

“…The size meets the nano criteria and approaches the DNA size of about 10 nm [20]. The range of particle sizes in the study of SNEDDS formulations containing P. lanceolata was between 141,51 and 374,89 [19], while in the study of SNEDDS A, compactum, particle size was 13,97 [18]. The average droplet size of tetrandine SNEDDS was 19.75 nm.…”

“…The selected SNEDDS formulation was stable for 6 months at room temperature. Another study stated that SNEDDS of Plantago lanceolata was stable for 1 month at room temperature [19].…”

Self-Nano-Emulsifying Drug-Delivery Systems: From the Development to the Current Applications and Challenges in Oral Drug Delivery

“…In addition, these formulations could efficiently deliver the black seed oil to the patient [ 337 ]. Many other studies showed the potential of SEDDSs in the oral delivery of herbal drugs, including [ 338 , 339 , 340 , 341 , 342 , 343 , 344 ].…”

Design and optimization of candesartan loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for improving its dissolution rate and pharmacodynamic potential

“…The excipients contained in the SNEDDS tend to facilitate bioavailability of the drugs not merely by improving drug solubility and permeability but by circumventing the metabolism by liver microsomes and inhibiting P-gp efflux, along with the ability to facilitate lymphatic drug absorption. Several literature studies on various self-emulsifying formulations have reported potential improvement in the bioavailability of various drugs (Kalantari et al, 2017;Alhasani et al, 2019;Patki et al, 2019;Alsk€ ar et al, 2018).…”