Burden of Influenza in 4 Ecologically Distinct Regions of Peru: Household Active Surveillance of a Community Cohort, 2009–2015

Tinoco, Yeny; Azziz‐Baumgartner, Eduardo; Uyeki, Timothy M.; Rázuri, Hugo; Kasper, Matthew R.; Romero, Candice; Silva, Maria Elena; Simons, Mark P.; Soto, Giselle; Widdowson, Marc‐Alain; Gilman, Robert H.; Bausch, Daniel G.; Montgomery, Joel M.; Ortiz, Ernesto; Guevara, Carolina; Guezala, Claudia; Figueroa, Carlos Camilo Smith; Loli, Sebastian; Laguna, Alberto; Halsey, Eric S.; Reaves, Erik J.; Williams, M. C.; Mores, Christopher N.; Campbell, Wesley R; García, Hugo H; González, Armando E.

doi:10.1093/cid/cix565

Cited by 35 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The rainy season extends from December through April (average precipitation: 250 mm) and is located at 36 m above sea level (masl). 33,34 Puerto Maldonado also has a similar rainy season, but extending from October, it is located in the tropical rainforest. The average temperature is 30°C, precipitation ranges from 1,500 to 2,860 mm, and the altitude is 139 masl.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The average temperature is 30°C, precipitation ranges from 1,500 to 2,860 mm, and the altitude is 139 masl. 34,35 The Cusco site was located in the Andean forest-moist Andes. It has an average temperature of 13°C, average rainfall of 800 mm, and at 3,244 masl.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has an average temperature of 13°C, average rainfall of 800 mm, and at 3,244 masl. 34 Finally, Lima, the capital city, is located in the coastal desert with an average temperature of 19°C, rainfall of 15 mm, and at 141 masl. 34 Study design.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…34 Finally, Lima, the capital city, is located in the coastal desert with an average temperature of 19°C, rainfall of 15 mm, and at 141 masl. 34 Study design. This study was a cross-sectional design nested within an ongoing influenza longitudinal cohort study, conducted by researchers from the Naval Medical Research Unit No.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Rickettsia and Leptospira Infection in Four Ecologically Distinct Regions of Peru

Salmón-Mulanovich

Simons

Flores-Mendoza

et al. 2019

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Rickettsia and Leptospira spp. are under-recognized causes of acute febrile disease worldwide. Rickettsia species are often placed into the spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) and typhus group rickettsiae (TGR). We explored the antibody prevalence among humans for these two groups of rickettsiae in four regions of Peru (Lima, Cusco, Puerto Maldonado, and Tumbes) and for Leptospira spp. in Puerto Maldonado and Tumbes. We also assessed risk factors for seropositivity and collected serum samples and ectoparasites from peri-domestic animals from households in sites with high human seroprevalence. In total, we tested 2,165 human sera for antibodies (IgG) against SFGR and TGR by ELISA and for antibodies against Leptospira by a microscopic agglutination test. Overall, human antibody prevalence across the four sites was 10.6% for SFGR (ranging from 6.2% to 14.0%, highest in Tumbes) and 3.3% for TGR (ranging from 2.6% to 6.4%, highest in Puerto Maldonado). Factors associated with seroreactivity against SFGR were male gender, older age, contact with backyard birds, and working in agriculture or with livestock. However, exposure to any kind of animal within the household decreased the odds ratio by half. Age was the only variable associated with higher TGR seroprevalence. The prevalence of Leptospira was 11.3% in Puerto Maldonado and 5.8% in Tumbes, with a borderline association with keeping animals in the household. We tested animal sera for Leptospira and conducted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Rickettsia species among ectoparasites collected from domestic animals in 63 households of seropositive participants and controls. We did not find any association between animal infection and human serostatus.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Rickettsia and Leptospira Infection in Four Ecologically Distinct Regions of Peru

Salmón-Mulanovich

Simons

Flores-Mendoza

et al. 2019

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Annual seasonal influenza epidemics of variable severity result in significant morbidity and mortality in the United States (U.S.) and worldwide [1][2][3]. In temperate climate countries, including the U.S., influenza activity peaks during the winter months whereas in tropical regions influenza activity may be more variable [4][5][6]. Most persons with symptomatic influenza virus infection have self-limited uncomplicated upper respiratory tract illness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza virus-related critical illness: prevention, diagnosis, treatment

2019

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Annual seasonal influenza epidemics of variable severity result in significant morbidity and mortality in the United States (U.S.) and worldwide. In temperate climate countries, including the U.S., influenza activity peaks during the winter months. Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons in the U.S. aged 6 months and older, and among those at increased risk for influenza-related complications in other parts of the world (e.g. young children, elderly). Observational studies have reported effectiveness of influenza vaccination to reduce the risks of severe disease requiring hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and death. A diagnosis of influenza should be considered in critically ill patients admitted with complications such as exacerbation of underlying chronic comorbidities, community-acquired pneumonia, and respiratory failure during influenza season. Molecular tests are recommended for influenza testing of respiratory specimens in hospitalized patients. Antigen detection assays are not recommended in critically ill patients because of lower sensitivity; negative results of these tests should not be used to make clinical decisions, and respiratory specimens should be tested for influenza by molecular assays. Because critically ill patients with lower respiratory tract disease may have cleared influenza virus in the upper respiratory tract, but have prolonged influenza viral replication in the lower respiratory tract, an endotracheal aspirate (preferentially) or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimen (if collected for other diagnostic purposes) should be tested by molecular assay for detection of influenza viruses. Observational studies have reported that antiviral treatment of critically ill adult influenza patients with a neuraminidase inhibitor is associated with survival benefit. Since earlier initiation of antiviral treatment is associated with the greatest clinical benefit, standard-dose oseltamivir (75 mg twice daily in adults) for enteric administration is recommended as soon as possible as it is well absorbed in critically ill patients. Based upon observational data that suggest harms, adjunctive corticosteroid treatment is currently not recommended for children or adults hospitalized with influenza, including critically ill patients, unless clinically indicated for another reason, such as treatment of asthma or COPD exacerbation, or septic shock. A number of pharmaceutical agents are in development for treatment of severe influenza.

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Household transmission of influenza A and B within a prospective cohort during the 2013‐2014 and 2014‐2015 seasons

Dahlgren

Foppa

Stockwell

et al. 2021

Statistics in Medicine

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People living within the same household as someone ill with influenza are at increased risk of infection. Here, we use Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to partition the hazard of influenza illness within a cohort into the hazard from the community and the hazard from the household. During the 2013-2014 influenza season, 49 (4.7%) of the 1044 people enrolled in a community surveillance cohort had an acute respiratory illness (ARI) attributable to influenza. During the 2014-2015 influenza season, 50 (4.7%) of the 1063 people in the cohort had an ARI attributable to influenza. The secondary attack rate from a household member was 2.3% for influenza A (H1) during 2013-2014, 5.3% for influenza B during 2013-2014, and 7.6% for influenza A (H3) during 2014-2015. Living in a household with a person ill with influenza increased the risk of an ARI attributable to influenza up to 350%, depending on the season and the influenza virus circulating within the household.

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Burden of Influenza in 4 Ecologically Distinct Regions of Peru: Household Active Surveillance of a Community Cohort, 2009–2015

Cited by 35 publications

References 33 publications

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Rickettsia and Leptospira Infection in Four Ecologically Distinct Regions of Peru

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Rickettsia and Leptospira Infection in Four Ecologically Distinct Regions of Peru

Influenza virus-related critical illness: prevention, diagnosis, treatment

Household transmission of influenza A and B within a prospective cohort during the 2013‐2014 and 2014‐2015 seasons

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