“…Several others find modest reductions (Duggan, 2001;Harrison et al, 2000;Marvell, 1999;Moody, 2001;Olson and Maltz, 2001). Still others find at most slight reductions (Bartley and Cohen, 1998;Black and Nagin, 1998;Dezhbakhsh and Rubin, 1998;Marvell, 2001). Finally, a few suggest no impacts or even increases in violent crime (Ayres andDonohue, 1999,2003a;Donohue, 2003;Kleck and Kovandzic, 2001;Ludwig, 1998;McDowall et al, 1995).…”