[29] Carotenoid synthesis in Neurospora crassa

Rau, W.; Mitzka-Schnabel, Ursula

doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(85)10082-0

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…For Northern blot analysis, a 1.35-kb EcoRV fragment of phr-1 or the c51, blu1, blu6, blu17, and blu8 cDNA fragments were labeled with 32 P and used as probes. Southern blot analysis was performed according to standard techniques (33), using an EcoRI pkr-1 fragment, containing the complete cDNA labeled with 32 P as a probe. Isolation of pkr-1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cross Talk between a Fungal Blue-Light Perception System and the Cyclic AMP Signaling Pathway

et al. 2006

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Blue light regulates many physiological and developmental processes in fungi. In Trichoderma atroviride the complex formed by the BLR-1 and BLR-2 proteins appears to play an essential role as a sensor and transcriptional regulator in photoconidiation. Here we demonstrate that the BLR proteins are necessary for carbon deprivation induced conidiation, even in the absence of light, pointing to the existence of an unprecedented cross talk between light and carbon sensing. Further, in contrast to what has been found in all other fungal systems, clear BLR-independent blue-light responses, including the activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and the regulation of gene expression, were found. Expression of an antisense version of the pkr-1 gene, encoding the regulatory subunit of PKA, resulted in a nonsporulating phenotype, whereas overexpression of the gene produced colonies that conidiate even in the dark. In addition, overexpression of pkr-1 blocked the induction of early light response genes. Thus, our data demonstrate that PKA plays an important role in the regulation of light responses in Trichoderma. Together, these observations suggest that the BLR complex plays a general role in sensing environmental cues that trigger conidiation and that such a role can be separated from its function as a transcription factor.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, physiological responses to blue light have been studied in a wide variety of organisms from microbes to animals. Examples of such capacity include phototropism of coleoptiles in plants (27), induction of carotenoid synthesis in fungi (32), and entrainment of circadian rhythms in a diversity of organisms (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross Talk between a Fungal Blue-Light Perception System and the Cyclic AMP Signaling Pathway

et al. 2006

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“…Physiological responses to blue light have been studied in a wide variety of organisms from microbes to animals. Examples include phototaxis in Euglena (Kuhnel-Kratz et al, 1993), phototropism in Avena coleoptiles (Galland, 2002), induction of carotenoid synthesis in Neurospora (Rau & Mitzka-Schnabel, 1985) and entrainment of circadian pupal eclosion in Drosophila (Qiu & Hardin, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light-regulated asexual reproduction in Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

et al. 2004

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The entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus has been successfully used in the control of several insect pests. Asexually produced spores (conidia) are the means for dispersal and transmission of the entomopathogen; upon contact with the insect cuticle they germinate and penetrate the host. In model fungal systems it has been found that phototropism, resetting of the circadian rhythm, the induction of carotenogenesis and the development of reproductive structures are controlled by blue light. The effect of light quality on conidial yield of P. fumosoroseus was investigated. Incubation in total darkness resulted in continued vegetative growth and lack of reproductive structures. In contrast, growth of the fungus in continuous illumination or under a night-day regime resulted in prolific formation of conidiophores bearing abundant mature conidia. Conidiation was photoinduced in competent mycelia by a single pulse of blue light and colonies were competent only after they had grown at least 72 h under total darkness. The fluence-response curves generated with blue light indicated that the minimal fluence required for the photomorphogenetic response was 180 mmol m "2 and the half-maximal response was at 400 mmol m "2. A fluence of 540 mmol m "2 was enough to saturate the system, inducing the maximum production of 2?12610 8 conidia per colony.Higher light intensities markedly decreased conidiation, suggesting the occurrence of a process of adaptation. The authors propose the existence of a dual light-perception system with at least two photoreceptors in P. fumosoroseus, one promoting and one inhibiting conidiation.

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“…In contrast, several fungi produce C 35 "apocarotenoids" such as neurosporaxanthin via oxidative cleavage of monocyclic C 40 carotenoids ( Fig. 1) (12,14,164,215). Despite their non-C 40 structures, these natural homo-and apocarotenoids are, from a biosynthetic perspective, part of the C 40 family, since their biosynthesis proceeds via the C 40 carotenoid backbone phytoene.…”

Section: Overview Of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As discussed in the Introduction, some fungi naturally accumulate carotenoids with 35 carbon atoms (12,14,164,215). All of these are monocyclic oxygenated carotenoids (xanthophylls) and are believed to result from the action of an unidentified oxidative cleavage enzyme on C 40 carotenoids such as torulene.…”

Section: Creation Of Pathways To Carotenoids With New Carbon Scaffoldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversifying Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathways by Directed Evolution

Umeno

Tobias

Arnold

2005

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

190

148

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Microorganisms and plants synthesize a diverse array of natural products, many of which have proven indispensable to human health and well-being. Although many thousands of these have been characterized, the space of possible natural products—those that could be made biosynthetically—remains largely unexplored. For decades, this space has largely been the domain of chemists, who have synthesized scores of natural product analogs and have found many with improved or novel functions. New natural products have also been made in recombinant organisms, via engineered biosynthetic pathways. Recently, methods inspired by natural evolution have begun to be applied to the search for new natural products. These methods force pathways to evolve in convenient laboratory organisms, where the products of new pathways can be identified and characterized in high-throughput screening programs. Carotenoid biosynthetic pathways have served as a convenient experimental system with which to demonstrate these ideas. Researchers have mixed, matched, and mutated carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes and screened libraries of these “evolved” pathways for the emergence of new carotenoid products. This has led to dozens of new pathway products not previously known to be made by the assembled enzymes. These new products include whole families of carotenoids built from backbones not found in nature. This review details the strategies and specific methods that have been employed to generate new carotenoid biosynthetic pathways in the laboratory. The potential application of laboratory evolution to other biosynthetic pathways is also discussed

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[29] Carotenoid synthesis in Neurospora crassa

Cited by 16 publications

References 30 publications

Cross Talk between a Fungal Blue-Light Perception System and the Cyclic AMP Signaling Pathway

Cross Talk between a Fungal Blue-Light Perception System and the Cyclic AMP Signaling Pathway

Light-regulated asexual reproduction in Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

Diversifying Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathways by Directed Evolution

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