“…The lack of a consistent body of data indicating significant impacts of an administered probiotic on the microbiota (Chua et al, ; Kankainen et al, ; Kristensen et al, ; Medina, Pinto, Ovalle, Thomson, & Garrido, ) should not be taken as indicative of a lack of biological effects. Indeed, effects of an orally administered probiotic on the systemic immune system (Groeger et al, ; Konieczna, Akdis, Quigley, Shanahan, & O'Mahony, ) and on brain responses (Pinto‐Sanchez et al, ; Wang, Braun, Murphy, & Enck, ) have, indeed, been demonstrated in human studies.…”