“…Water-soluble, non-biodegradable hexavalent chromium Cr(VI), which easily penetrates through food chain enrichment, can induce cellular oxidative stress, leading to DNA damage, gene mutation, fetal malformation, and carcinogenesis, is one of the most dangerous heavy metals [ 4 , 5 ]. Cr(VI) is widely applied in smelting, electroplating, painting, chemical manufacturing, and tanned leather [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. The World Health Organization stipulates that the maximum limit of pollutants in surface water is 0.1 mg L −1 .…”