Genotoxicity of styrene oligomers extracted from polystyrene intended for use in contact with food

Nakai, Makoto; Tsubokura, Mifumi; Suzuki, Masaru; Fujishima, Saori; Watanabe, Yoichi; Hasegawa, Yu; Oyama, Kazuhiro; Ogura, Shozo

doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.007

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Except for the CA, which was performed with Chinese hamster lung cells (CHL), all assays were conducted with human cell lines. Out of the 11 studies analyzed here, two [102,103] applied exogenous metabolic activation while other bioassays were metabolically competent [104]. No information was available for the other studies.…”

Section: Genotoxicity Testing Of Fcms With Mammalian In Vitro Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the Suitability of Mammalian In Vitro Assays to Assess the Genotoxic Potential of Food Contact Materials

Pinter

Rainer

Czerny

et al. 2020

Foods

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Background: Non-targeted screening of food contact materials (FCM) for non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) reveals a great number of unknown and unidentified substances present at low concentrations. In the absence of toxicological data, the application of the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) or of EU Regulation 10/2011 requires methods able to fulfill safety threshold criteria. In this review, mammalian in vitro genotoxicity assays are analyzed for their ability to detect DNA-damaging substances at limits of biological detection (LOBD) corresponding to the appropriate safety thresholds. Results: The ability of the assays to detect genotoxic effects varies greatly between substance classes. Especially for direct-acting mutagens, the assays lacked the ability to detect most DNA reactive substances below the threshold of 10 ppb, making them unsuitable to pick up potential genotoxicants present in FCM migrates. However, suitability for the detection of chromosomal damage or investigation of other modes of action makes them a complementary tool as part of a standard test battery aimed at giving additional information to ensure safety. Conclusion: improvements are necessary to comply with regulatory thresholds to consider mammalian genotoxicity in vitro assays to assess FCM safety.

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Section: Genotoxicity Testing Of Fcms With Mammalian In Vitro Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only negative results were scored by studies with the MN [107,108], the BlueScreen TM HC [102], the CA [103], and the SCE [109]. The p53 CALUX ® was able to detect possible genotoxic effects in a study with samples such as a pizza box and paperboard with printing inks [110].…”

Section: Genotoxicity Testing Of Fcms With Mammalian In Vitro Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Suitability of Mammalian In Vitro Assays to Assess the Genotoxic Potential of Food Contact Materials

Pinter

Rainer

Czerny

et al. 2020

Foods

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“…The tentatively identified compound 1e-Phenyl-4e-(1phenylethyl)-tetralin, in fractions 9 to15 of pooled HIPS and blank HIPS, was found to be a styrene trimer of polystyrene and has been detected in extracts of sediments as residues of PS contamination (Hong et al, 2016), as well as in food packaging materials (Choi et al, 2005;Nakai et al, 2014). Some styrene trimers have been reported as weak AhR agonists (Hong et al, 2016), and it is possible that 1e-Phenyl-4e-(1phenylethyl)-tetralin contributed to the AhR-mediated response in fractions 12 and 14 of pooled HIPS, and fraction 12 of blank HIPS.…”

Section: Chemical Analysis Of Fractionated Pooled Plastic Extracts Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect-Directed Analysis of Ah Receptor-Mediated Potencies in Microplastics Deployed in a Remote Tropical Marine Environment

Schönlau

Larsson

Dubocq

et al. 2019

Front. Environ. Sci.

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To facilitate the study of potential harmful compounds sorbed to microplastics, an effect-directed analysis using the DR CALUX ® assay as screening tool for Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-active compounds in extracts of marine deployed microplastics and chemical analysis of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) was conducted. Pellets of three plastic polymers [low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS)] were deployed at Heron Island in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, for up to 8 months. Detected AhR-mediated potencies (bio-TEQs) of extracted plastic pellets ranged from 15 to 100 pg/g. Contributions of target HOCs to the overall bioactivities were negligible. To identify the major contributors, remaining plastic pellets were used for fractionation with a gas chromatography (GC) fractionation platform featuring parallel mass spectrometric (MS) detection. The bioassay analysis showed two bioactive fractions of each polymer with bio-TEQs ranging from 5.7 to 14 pg/g. High resolution MS was used in order to identify bioactive compounds in the fractions. No AhR agonists could be identified in fractions of HDPE or LDPE. Via a multivariate statistical approach the polystyrene (PS) trimer 1e-Phenyl-4e-(1-phenylethyl)-tetralin was identified in fractions of HIPS and in fractions of the blank polymer of HIPS.

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“…Most PET bottles used for retailing palm wine have a polystyrene cap, which is a safety concern if styrene migrates to the drink. An in vitro genotoxicity investigation to evaluate the genotoxicity of styrene oligomers extracted from polystyrene intended for use in contact with food has been conducted [18], and it was concluded that the risk of the genotoxicity of styrene oligomers migrating from polystyrene food packaging into food is likely very low.…”

Section: Styrenementioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Contaminants Associated with Palm Wine from Nigeria Are Potential Food Safety Hazards

Nwaiwu

Itumoh²

2017

Beverages

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Recent analysis of palm wine, a traditional drink fermented mainly by yeasts, revealed the presence of several chemicals that were not products of yeast fermentation. The chemicals included styrene, benzene, trimethyldioxolane, dichloromethane, methylene fluoride, dichloroethanol, benzylisoquinoline and tetraacetyl-D-xylonic nitrile. A review of the concentrations of these compounds in palm wine found that the benzene concentrations in all samples reviewed ranged from 56-343 ppm and were within permissible limits, whereas the styrene values (1505-5614 ppm) in all the palm wine samples evaluated were well over the recommended concentration that is immediately dangerous to life or health. Other chemical compounds evaluated varied according to location or sample source. The concentrations obtained are estimates only and a quantitative study needs to be carried out before the impact of these chemicals on health is evaluated. A search on The PubChem Project, the open chemical database, showed the description, properties and uses of these chemicals. Further searches carried out within other databases like PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, using each chemical's name as a search term, showed possible hazards and adverse health conditions caused by these chemicals, especially styrene, benzene and dichloromethane. The point at which the chemicals are introduced into the drink is still not clear and requires further investigation. The chemicals can be hazardous to humans and there is need to establish and maintain a system that can guarantee permissible levels in the drink. This can be carried out using concentrations of the chemicals that are already known to be immediately dangerous to life or health as a reference point.

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Genotoxicity of styrene oligomers extracted from polystyrene intended for use in contact with food

Cited by 25 publications

References 12 publications

Evaluation of the Suitability of Mammalian In Vitro Assays to Assess the Genotoxic Potential of Food Contact Materials

Evaluation of the Suitability of Mammalian In Vitro Assays to Assess the Genotoxic Potential of Food Contact Materials

Effect-Directed Analysis of Ah Receptor-Mediated Potencies in Microplastics Deployed in a Remote Tropical Marine Environment

Chemical Contaminants Associated with Palm Wine from Nigeria Are Potential Food Safety Hazards

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