Prenatal anxiety effects: A review

Field, Tiffany

doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.08.008

Cited by 111 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The linkage between lipids and cortisol may be mediated via cytokines. Adipose tissue can secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and cortisol decreases the production of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators [8,9]. The use of antenatal corticosteroids may increase the total lipid content in human milk following premature birth (< 34 gestational weeks) [10], which further substantiates the need for investigations into the relationship between milk cortisol and milk lipids.…”

Section: Plasma and Milk Cortisol And Cortisol's Effects On Lipid Metmentioning

confidence: 93%

Interactions between cortisol and lipids in human milk

et al. 2020

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Background: Human breast milk is one of the key early postnatal biological exposures for the developing child. It includes bioactive compounds, such as cortisol and fatty acids, which may be linked via the mother's lipid metabolism. Methods: This study investigated the associations between cortisol and lipids in human milk at the infant age of 2.5 months. Human milk cortisol concentrations were measured using luminescence immunoassay, and two groups of milks (n = 50 each) were formed based on either high (> 10 nmol/L) or low (< 3 nmol/L) cortisol levels. Lipids, as fatty acid content and composition of neutral (triacylglycerol-rich) and polar (phospholipid-rich) lipids, were measured with gas chromatography. The samples originated from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. Results: The percentage of phospholipid-rich lipids of total lipids was 33.08% ± 1.33%. In triacylglycerol-rich lipids, high cortisol level in milk was associated with higher lauric (12:0, mass % and mg/mL), myristic (14:0, mass % and mg/mL), eicosenoic (20:1n − 9, mass %), docosenoic (22:1n − 9, mass %, and mg/mL) acids, and to lower palmitic acid (16:0, mass %) compared with low cortisol levels in milk. In phospholipid-rich lipids, high cortisol level was associated with higher myristic (14:0, mass %) and docosenoic (22:1n − 9, mass %) acids. After adjusting for pre-pregnancy BMI and sampling time by linear regression, the milk cortisol remained a significant predictor for lauric and myristic acids in triacylglycerolrich lipids, and myristic and docosenoic acid in phospholipid-rich lipids (β = 0.23 to 0.38 and p < 0.05 for each). Conclusions: This study revealed certain significant associations between milk cortisol and the fatty acid composition of human milk, indicating that cortisol might be one of the factors affecting the origin of the lipids in human milk.

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Section: Plasma and Milk Cortisol And Cortisol's Effects On Lipid Metmentioning

confidence: 93%

Interactions between cortisol and lipids in human milk

et al. 2020

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“…Isolating the exposure from the outcome is complex and may lead to a variety of methods to manage confounding and surrounding factors. Prenatal factors that are associated with neurodevelopmental difficulties include poor maternal mental health, illness or substance use and birth outcomes such as preterm or low birthweight . These need to be considered along with some post‐birth risks such as continued IPV, postnatal depression and possible aspects of feeding and parenting …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal exposure to violence and offspring neurodevelopment: A systematic review

Toso

Cock

Leavey

2020

Paediatric Perinatal Epid

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Background Stress during pregnancy is known to affect fetal neurodevelopment. It seems likely therefore that intimate partner violence (IPV) and domestic violence (DV) as extreme stressors will have a similarly adverse effect. Objectives A systematic review was conducted to assess the association between prenatal exposure to violence for mothers and developmental difficulties in their children. Data sources PubMed, PsycInfo, CINAHL, ERIC, Science Direct, SCOPUS, PsyARTICLES, Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, Women's Studies International and Gender Studies Database were all searched using the agreed search terms. Study selection and data extraction We include studies of women who have experienced any violence, fear of violence or aggression while pregnant, including emotional, psychological, physical or sexual violence in the context of IPV or DV. Studies were excluded if the neurodevelopmental outcomes of the offspring were not assessed. Studies from all countries were included, in English or translated to English, and search dates were not restricted. We included all years from inception of the database until the search date. Synthesis Study design and biases, assessment tools, management of confounding, results and overall quality were assessed. Results We identified 11 papers reporting on observational studies. Almost three quarters of the studies found a relationship between prenatal exposure to violence and developmental difficulties in the offspring. Differing assessment tools were used with a range of data collected and not all adjusted their findings for the same confounders. Conclusions Current evidence on the relationship between prenatal violence exposure, as IPV or DV, and consequent child developmental disorders remains limited. Future research using comprehensive study designs, larger samples and longitudinal follow‐up of the offspring could clarify this association. While maternal trauma resulting from exposure to violence may play an important role in childhood development disorders, additional intervening factors on the pathway need further explored.

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“…Anxiety and stress during pregnancy are related to fetal heart rate, motor activity [9], preterm delivery [10] and infant behavior [9]. Other risk factors related to prenatal anxiety include increased cortisol levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines that lead to obstetric problems and cesarean section, in addition to the well-known effects produced on the neonate (lower gestational age, prematurity, less insulin-like growth factor in cord blood, less breast-feeding and less self-regulation during the heelstick procedure) [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortisol and DHEA-S levels in pregnant women with severe anxiety

et al. 2020

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Background: A complex interaction between cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEA-S) is crucial in the stress system balance; several studies have reported increased cortisol levels during chronic stress and a weak counterregulation by DHEA-S. During pregnancy, scarce information about this system is available, although cortisol and DHEA-S play an important role in the initiation and acceleration of labor. We conducted the present study in order to determine both cortisol and DHEA-S levels during the last trimester of pregnancy in patients exhibiting severe anxiety. Methods: Pregnant women during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy were evaluated by using the self-reported version of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). According to the scores obtained from the psychometric scale, participants were divided into two groups: 1) patients exhibiting a cutoff score > 15 were considered with severe anxiety (ANX) (n = 101), and control pregnant subjects (CTRL) (n = 44) with a cutoff score < 5. Morning cortisol, DHEA-S and Cortisol/DHEA-S index were measured in all participants. Comparisons between groups were performed; additionally, correlations between clinical variables, biochemical data and HARS were calculated. Results: Cortisol levels were significantly higher in the ANX group (p < 0.001), whereas those of DHEA-S were significantly lower in the same group (p < 0.01) when compared to healthy pregnant subjects. An increased cortisol/ DHEA-S index was observed in the ANX group (p < 0.05). A significant association between cortisol and HARS scores (p = 0.03), was observed even after adjusting by gestational weeks (p = 0.004). Conclusions: Our data support that the cortisol/DHEA-S index is higher in pregnant women with high anxiety levels as compared with healthy pregnant women.

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Prenatal anxiety effects: A review

Cited by 111 publications

References 33 publications

Interactions between cortisol and lipids in human milk

Interactions between cortisol and lipids in human milk

Maternal exposure to violence and offspring neurodevelopment: A systematic review

Cortisol and DHEA-S levels in pregnant women with severe anxiety

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