“…As the development of AF seems to be a result of the combination of a plethora of risk factors and comorbidities, oxidative stress has been associated with incident AF, while oxidative stress-induced atrial remodeling is considered the most common underlying mechanism; according to several reports, hyperhomocysteinemia has been linked with endothelial dysfunction, thus it represents an important factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [ 93 , 94 ]. We were able to locate a total of 26 reports assessing oxidative stress as a potential mechanism of Hcy-induced cardiotoxicity [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 95 ]. Of these, 25 trials reported a positive correlation between Hcy and cardiomyocyte oxidative stress, while only one report failed to demonstrate oxidative stress as a cause of electron transport chain dysfunction, possibly due to an increased expression of the other protective mitochondrial proteins [ 41 ].…”