Overrepresentation of Adopted Adolescents at a Hospital-Based Gender Dysphoria Clinic

Shumer, Daniel E.; Abrha, Aser; Feldman, Henry A.; Carswell, Jeremi

doi:10.1089/trgh.2016.0042

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…At times a failure to separate from mother seems germane (Coates & Person, 1985). Trans children are over represented among runaways, those in foster care, and among adoptees (Salazar et al, 2018;Shumer et al, 2017;Zucker & Bradley, 1998). The prevalence of trans identities in prisons is much higher than in the general population (Osborne & Lawrence, 2016); inmates often have profoundly disruptive early life histories.…”

Section: Causal Models Of Gender Dysphoria (Incongruence)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflections on the Clinician’s Role with Individuals Who Self-identify as Transgender

Levine

2021

Arch Sex Behav

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The fact that modern patterns of the treatment of trans individuals are not based on controlled or long-term comprehensive follow-up studies has allowed many ethical tensions to persist. These have been intensifying as the numbers of adolescent girls declare themselves to be trans, have gender dysphoria, or are “boys.” This essay aims to assist clinicians in their initial approach to trans patients of any age. Gender identity is only one aspect of an individual’s multifaceted identity. The contributions to the passionate positions in the trans culture debate are discussed along with the controversy over the official, not falsifiable, position that all gender identities are inherently normal. The essay posits that it is relevant and ethical to investigate the forces that may have propelled an individual to create and announce a new identity. Some of these biological, social, and psychological forces are enumerated. Using the adolescent patient as an example, a model for a comprehensive evaluation process and its goals are provided. The essay is framed within a developmental perspective.

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Section: Causal Models Of Gender Dysphoria (Incongruence)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflections on the Clinician’s Role with Individuals Who Self-identify as Transgender

Levine

2021

Arch Sex Behav

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“…Over time, there is generally an increase in the ratio of birth-registered females to males being referred to child and adolescent gender services across countries (figure 3). 2 3 7 8 21 22 24 26 31–70 There is no clear sudden increase but more of a steady increase over time; however, Finland reported a higher ratio throughout. Given the number of referrals is relatively low in some services/countries, there are fluctuations in the data with the ratios increasing one year and decreasing the next.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Characteristics of children and adolescents referred to specialist gender services: a systematic review

Taylor,

Hall,

Langton

et al. 2024

Arch Dis Child

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BackgroundIncreasing numbers of children/adolescents experiencing gender dysphoria/incongruence are being referred to specialist gender services. Services and practice guidelines are responding to these changes.AimThis systematic review examines the numbers and characteristics of children/adolescents (under 18) referred to specialist gender or endocrinology services.MethodsDatabase searches were performed (April 2022), with results assessed independently by two reviewers. Peer-reviewed articles providing at least birth-registered sex or age at referral were included. Demographic, gender-related, mental health, neurodevelopmental conditions and adverse childhood experience data were extracted. A narrative approach to synthesis was used and where appropriate proportions were combined in a meta-analysis.Results143 studies from 131 articles across 17 countries were included. There was a twofold to threefold increase in the number of referrals and a steady increase in birth-registered females being referred. There is inconsistent collection and reporting of key data across many of the studies. Approximately 60% of children/adolescents referred to services had made steps to present themselves in their preferred gender. Just under 50% of studies reported data on depression and/or anxiety and under 20% reported data on other mental health issues and neurodevelopmental conditions. Changes in the characteristics of referrals over time were generally not reported.ConclusionsServices need to capture, assess and respond to the potentially co-occurring complexities of children/adolescents being referred to specialist gender and endocrine services. Agreement on the core characteristics for collection at referral/assessment would help to ensure services are capturing data as well as developing pathways to meet the needs of these children.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021289659.

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“…Interestingly, this does not appear to be a new phenomenon. In fact, numerous other researchers and medical professionals at gender clinics have reported similar experiences of a disproportionate number of TGNC children and youth coming from adoptive families (Miller, 2016;Schumer, Abrha, Feldman, & Carswell, 2017).…”

Section: Conversations With Adoption Personnel: Locating the Rising Smentioning

confidence: 88%

“…One hypothesis is that these TGNC children have parents who may be more likely to accept gender diversity (Miller, ; Schumer et al, ) or parents are more willing to seek outside support for their children (and indeed, adoptive parents have been found to be more likely to access psychological services for their children in the event of adjustment difficulties or mental and emotional health challenges; Farr & Grotevant, ). Another hypothesis is that perhaps processes of identity development related to adoption for these children who present as TGNC also uniquely contribute to shaping their gender identity in ways that may be distinct from those for children who are not adopted (Miller, ; Schumer et al, ). Regardless, it is clear that, for children who are adopted and who are TGNC, support and affirmation are critical to their health and well‐being (APA, ; Edwards‐Leeper, Leibowitz, & Sangganjanavanich, ; Farr & Grotevant, ).…”

Section: Conversations With Adoption Personnel: Locating the Rising Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Adoption Law

Farr¹,

Goldberg²

2018

Family Court Review

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The legal landscape surrounding adoption by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or questioning/queer (LGBTQ) parents continues to be dynamic and variable across the United States, yet the topic is generally viewed favorably by Americans and increasing numbers of LGBTQ adults are becoming adoptive parents. In this essay, we explore intersections of sexual orientation, gender identity, and adoption law. We discuss connections between parenting (including adoption) and marriage rights, highlight the influence of varying legal contexts and discrimination for LGBTQ adults who pursue adoption (including case examples from Florida after the gay adoption ban was lifted), and incorporating the perspectives of adoption‐agency personnel working with LGBTQ clients.

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Overrepresentation of Adopted Adolescents at a Hospital-Based Gender Dysphoria Clinic

Cited by 5 publications

References 20 publications

Reflections on the Clinician’s Role with Individuals Who Self-identify as Transgender

Reflections on the Clinician’s Role with Individuals Who Self-identify as Transgender

Characteristics of children and adolescents referred to specialist gender services: a systematic review

Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Adoption Law

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