Novel biomarkers for prediabetes, diabetes, and associated complications

Abstract

The number of individuals with prediabetes is expected to grow substantially and estimated to globally affect 482 million people by 2040. Therefore, effective methods for diagnosing prediabetes will be required to reduce the risk of progressing to diabetes and its complications. The current biomarkers, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fructosamine, and glycated albumin have limitations including moderate sensitivity and specificity and are inaccurate in certain clinical conditions. Therefore, identification of additional biomarkers is being explored recognizing that any single biomarker will also likely have inherent limitations. Therefore, combining several biomarkers may more precisely identify those at high risk for developing prediabetes and subsequent progression to diabetes. This review describes recently identified biomarkers and their potential utility for addressing the burgeoning epidemic of dysglycemic disorders.

Correlation of quantitative pancreatic T1 value and HbA1c value in subjects with normal and impaired glucose tolerance

“…2 Furthermore, the HbA1c value reflects chronic glycemia rather than fasting plasma glucose at a single timepoint. 19 In conclusion, we demonstrated that the pancreatic T 1 value can be used for the assessment of IGT and that the pancreatic T 1 value could serve as a potential imaging biomarker for the assessment of IGT.…”

“…These tests are equally appropriate for diagnosing diabetes . Furthermore, the HbA1c value reflects chronic glycemia rather than fasting plasma glucose at a single timepoint …”

HbA1C as a marker of retrograde glycaemic control in diabetes patient with co‐existed beta‐thalassaemia: A case report and a literature review

“…Blood glucose glycates the ε‐amino group of lysine residues and the amino terminals of Hb in RBC. About 5% of Hb is usually glycated normally, and glycaemia determined this proportion …”

“…In conditions that affect Hb status or rate of RBC turnovers, such as in thalassaemia and haemoglobinopathies, HbA1C could be inappropriate as a retrograde glycaemic regulation marker. In such cases, fructosamine may be very beneficial . Fructosamine is a ketoamine created by glycosylation of total serum proteins, primarily albumin .…”

“…In such cases, fructosamine may be very beneficial. 13,14 Fructosamine is a ketoamine created by glycosylation of total serum proteins, primarily albumin. 15 It reflects average glycaemia over the previous 1-4 weeks.…”