Emergence of an exotic strain of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d in South-East Asia in 2015

Qiu, Yu; Abila, Ronello; Rodtian, Pranee; King, Donald P.; Knowles, Nick J.; Ngo, Long Thanh; Le, Vu Tri; Khounsy, Syseng; Bounma, Phachone; Lwin, Soe; Verin, Blesilda; Widders, P. R.

doi:10.1111/tbed.12687

Cited by 38 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Surprisingly, there is no evidence for spread of the O/Ind-2001d sub-lineage into Egypt and Pakistan. Apart from this westward movement of the virus, the O/Ind-2001d strain also spread towards the east and was first detected in South East Asia (Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam) in 2015(Arzt et al, 2017;Qiu et al, 2017;Vu et al, 2017).It spread to Thailand in September 2016 causing outbreaks in cattle, buffalo and pigs (WRL-FMD, 2016b; OIE, 2017b). The O/Ind-2001d viruses collected from Laos and Vietnam were closely related to each other and showed high similarity to viruses that had previously circulated in India in 2013.…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology, evolution and phylogeny of foot-and-mouth disease virus

Jamal

Belsham

2018

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is responsible for one of the most economically important infectious diseases of livestock. The virus spreads very easily and continues to affect many countries (mainly in Africa and Asia). The risks associated with the introduction of FMDV result in major barriers to trade in animals and their products. Seven antigenically distinct forms of the virus are known, called serotypes, but serotype C has not been detected anywhere for many years and may now be extinct. The serotypes have been further divided into topotypes (except for serotype Asia-1 viruses, which comprise a single topotype), genotypes, lineages and sub-lineages, which are usually restricted to specific geographical regions. However, sometimes, trans-regional spread of some strains occurs. Due to the error-prone replication of the RNA genome, the virus continuously evolves and new strains frequently arise (e.g. with modified antigenicity). Using nucleotide sequencing technologies, this rapid evolution of the viral genome can be followed. This allows the tracing of virus transmission pathways within an outbreak of disease if (near) full-length genome sequences can be generated. Furthermore, the movement of distinct virus lineages, from one country to another can be analyzed. Some important examples of the spread of new strains of FMD virus are described.

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confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology, evolution and phylogeny of foot-and-mouth disease virus

Jamal

Belsham

2018

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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“…Rakhine State of Myanmar borders Bangladesh and extensive uncontrolled cross‐border animal movements occur, making it a “gateway” for new disease incursions from South Asia into SEA. In addition to the recent Asia 1 outbreaks, multiple trans‐regional movements of FMDVs from South Asia to Rakhine State have previously been reported, including serotype Asia 1 virus in 2001 (Valarcher et al., ), serotype A virus in 2010 (WRLFMD, ), and the O/ME‐SA/Ind‐2001 strain in 2015 (Qiu et al., ). FMDVs from the O/ME‐SA/Ind‐2001 lineage with close genetic relationships to the Myanmar viruses have been recently detected in some other countries in SEA including Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia (WRLFMD, , , ) as well as more widely in China and South Korea (WRLFMD, ,c).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Foot‐and‐mouth disease outbreaks due to an exotic serotype Asia 1 virus in Myanmar in 2017

Lwin²,

Ungvanijban³

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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In January 2017, two villages located in Rakhine State of Myanmar reported clinical signs in cattle suggestive of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection. Laboratory analysis identified the outbreak virus as FMDV serotype Asia 1, which represented the first detection of this serotype in Myanmar since 2005 and in the region of South‐East Asia (SEA) since 2007. Genetic analysis revealed that the outbreak virus was different from historical viruses from Myanmar and was more closely related to viruses circulating in Bangladesh and India during 2012–2013, indicating that a novel viral introduction had occurred. The precise origin of the outbreaks was not clear, but frequent informal livestock trade with South Asia was reported. Responses to the outbreaks involved disinfection, quarantine and animal movement restrictions; no further outbreaks were detected under the present passive surveillance system. Detection of serotype Asia 1 highlights the complex and dynamic nature of FMDV in SEA. Active surveillance is needed to assess the extent and distribution of this exotic Asia 1 strain and continued vigilance to timely detect the occurrence of emerging and re‐emerging FMDV strains is essential.

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“…9 Furthermore, there is a global societal good to control of FMD in endemic areas, as these reservoirs of disease present a clear and present risk to disease free areas or areas using vaccination, through trade in animal products and animal movements as demonstrated by the recent rapid expansion of the serotype O/ME-SA/IND-2001 lineage across the Middle East and North Africa Southeast and East Asia from Indian sub-continent. 13,14 The best defense for disease free regions is to reduce the risk to themselves through reducing the disease burden in endemic areas. 1 This needs a strong coordinated international response to first improve our understanding of FMD epidemiology in endemic settings and to then coordinate controls, as was done successfully with rinderpest globally 15 and FMD in South America, which has reported only a handful of outbreaks in Colombia since 2014.…”

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confidence: 99%

The evolution and phylodynamics of serotype A and SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses in endemic regions of Africa

Lycett

Tanya

Hall

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major livestock disease with direct clinical impacts as well as indirect trade implications. Control through vaccination and stamping-out has successfully reduced or eradicated the disease from Europe and large parts of South America. However, sub-Saharan Africa remains endemically affected with 5/7 serotypes currently known to be circulating across the continent. This has significant implications both locally for livestock production and poverty reduction but also globally as it represents a major reservoir of viruses, which could spark new epidemics in disease free countries or vaccination zones. This paper describes the phylodynamics of serotypes A and SAT2 in Africa including recent isolates from Cameroon in Central Africa. We estimated the most recent common ancestor for serotype A was an East African virus from the 1930s compared to SAT2 which has a much older common ancestor from the early 1700s. Detailed analysis of the different clades shows clearly that different clades are evolving and diffusing across the landscape at different rates with both serotypes having a particularly recent clade that is evolving and spreading more rapidly than other clades within their serotype. However, the lack of detailed sequence data available for Africa seriously limits our understanding of FMD epidemiology across the continent. A comprehensive view of the evolutionary history and dynamics of FMD viruses is essential to understand many basic epidemiological aspects of FMD in Africa such as the scale of persistence and the role of wildlife and thus the opportunities and scale at which vaccination and other controls could be applied. Finally we ask endemic countries to join the OIE/FAO supported regional networks and take advantage of new cheap technologies being rolled out to collect isolates and submit them to the World Reference Laboratory. 2/169/16

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Emergence of an exotic strain of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d in South-East Asia in 2015

Cited by 38 publications

References 39 publications

Molecular epidemiology, evolution and phylogeny of foot-and-mouth disease virus

Molecular epidemiology, evolution and phylogeny of foot-and-mouth disease virus

Foot‐and‐mouth disease outbreaks due to an exotic serotype Asia 1 virus in Myanmar in 2017

The evolution and phylodynamics of serotype A and SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses in endemic regions of Africa

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