Pharmacy performance while providing continuous medication monitoring

Doucette, William R.; McDonough, Randal P.; Herald, Fischer; Goedken, Amber M.; Funk, Jenn; Deninger, Michael J.

doi:10.1016/j.japh.2017.07.006

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…A total of 47 (41%) economic evaluations focused on general pharmacotherapeutic management (Table S1). Most studies used study designs with a high risk of bias—38% were single‐group posttest, 15% were nonrandomized posttest using a historical control group, and 11% were single‐group pretest‐posttest. Study designs with a medium risk of bias comprised the rest of the studies: 15% were nonrandomized pretest‐posttest and 11% were nonrandomized posttest.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic evaluations of clinical pharmacy services in the United States: 2011‐2017

Talon

Pérez

Yan

et al. 2019

J Am Coll Clin Pharm

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Studies evaluating the cost-effectiveness of clinical pharmacy services (CPS) are needed to justify implementation and reimbursement. Through a systematic review, we describe services provided by pharmacists and their economic outcomes. We conducted a literature search of published studies in PubMed, Ovid, and Embase from January 2011 through December 2017. Manuscripts evaluating a CPS with patient-level economic outcomes and conducted in the United States were included. Study risks of bias were classified by study design characteristics. Economic evaluations were classified according to the presence of a comparator, and cost and outcome measures included. The quality of full economic evaluations was assessed using the Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES) instrument. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize CPS characteristics. After screening, 115 studies wereincluded. Type of service provided included general pharmacotherapy (41%), disease management (30%), and targeted drug program (17%). Settings included hospital (34%), ambulatory care (28%), and community pharmacy (17%). Study designs were considered high risk of bias (use of a historical control group or no control group) in 69% of cases while 25% were medium risk of bias (non-randomized with a concurrent control group) and 6% were low risk of bias (randomized experimental or multigroup interrupted time series). Economic evaluation types were descriptive studies that measured cost and/or outcomes of a CPS (55%), comparative studies that measured cost or outcomes of a CPS and a comparator (37%), and full evaluations that measured cost and outcomes of a CPS and a comparator (8%). Among nine full evaluations, the median (range) QHES score was 74 (59-95) and four reported the CPS as being more effective at a lower cost. Few full economic evaluations were conducted, but supported the cost-effectiveness of CPS. Use of a comparator group and measurement of economic inputs and outcomes would strengthen the body of evidence. K E Y W O R D Scost-benefit analysis, health services research, pharmacoeconomics, pharmacy

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic evaluations of clinical pharmacy services in the United States: 2011‐2017

Talon

Pérez

Yan

et al. 2019

J Am Coll Clin Pharm

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“…The development of sustainable reimbursement models for PCS are a focus for many community pharmacies [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. The current PCS models have been labeled as unsustainable for the following reasons: non-adequate reimbursement, no source of revenue for PCS, lack of collaborators (e.g., granting agencies, managed care organizations) to support the provision and payment of PCS [ 13 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CoMM at twelve months, when compared to the standard of care, resulted in a per-member per-month decreased cost of at least $298 and an adherence increase of 2.6%, as measured by a Proportion of Days Covered (PDC) score. PCS integration was noted as a feasible process and able to be implemented around the time of dispensing [ 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community Pharmacists’ Perceptions of Patient Care Services within an Enhanced Service Network

et al. 2020

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Background: Pharmacists are positioned as an accessible source of patient care services (PCS). Despite the adversity community pharmacies continue to face, the expanding opportunity of offering PCS continues to be a pathway forward. Objective: To identify community pharmacists’ perceptions to deliver PCS within an enhanced service network. Methods: One-on-one semi-structured phone interviews were conducted as part of a mixed-methods approach. Interview transcripts were analyzed using a consensus codebook to draft thematic findings. Participants were recruited from an electronic survey targeting community pharmacists from the New York chapters of the Community Pharmacy Enhanced Services Network (CPESN). Results: Twelve pharmacists were interviewed with four main themes identified. The majority of study participants were pharmacy owners (92%) devoting an average of 15 h/week to PCS and 8 h/week addressing social barriers. The main themes identified include: (1) perceptions of pharmacy profession, (2) reimbursement models and sustainability of PCS, (3) provision of patient care services, and (4) how PCS address social determinants of health. Conclusions: Offering PCS opportunities for patients is a direction many community pharmacists have embraced and are working to succeed. Ongoing research is needed focusing on community pharmacists’ self-perceptions of the clinical impact and role they hold in an evolving healthcare system.

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“…There also appears to be a lack of patient follow-up after medications are picked up at the pharmacy, which can lead to non-optimized patient care. 7,8 Community pharmacies are transforming from product-centered to patient-centric service models, which is especially evident with the emergence of the Community Pharmacy Enhanced Services Network (CPESN) across the United States. [9][10][11] Doucette et al showed that community pharmacy services, such as continuous medication monitoring, can lower total costs of care and improve medication adherence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[9][10][11] Doucette et al showed that community pharmacy services, such as continuous medication monitoring, can lower total costs of care and improve medication adherence. 8 In addition, health care providers and care managers are becoming more familiar with enhanced services offered by community pharmacies and believe these services can improve patient health outcomes. 5 Practice transformation including enhanced services are progressing, currently under initiatives like Flip the Pharmacy; however, limited information is available on the specific care services administered in CPESN pharmacies and independent pharmacists' perceptions of these services.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacists' perceptions on patient care services and social determinants of health within independent community pharmacies in an enhanced services network

Daly

Costello²,

Mak

et al. 2021

J Am Coll Clin Pharm

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BackgroundHealth care is transitioning from fee‐for‐service towards value‐based care. Community pharmacies are providing an increasing number of patient care services (PCS) that improve medication adherence, medication knowledge, and overall patient health. The provision of these services may differ based on the socioeconomic characteristics of the patient population. There is a lack of information on PCS delivery in independent community pharmacies and how these services are provided to underserved populations.ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to: (a) Evaluate the current level of commitment and readiness of independent community pharmacies in delivering PCS, and (b) Assess community pharmacists' perceptions of addressing social barriers and health disparities among underserved populations.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional electronic survey distributed to independent community pharmacies who were members of a pharmacy advocacy or PCS organization in New York State.ResultsOne‐hundred and twenty‐five surveys were distributed, with 65 responses (52% response rate) from a high proportion of pharmacy owners (75%). A majority of pharmacies (53%) devoted more than 10 hours per week to PCS, such as immunizations and home delivery. Many pharmacies (47.7%) were willing to devote more than 20 hours per week to PCS with proper reimbursement and were willing to hire additional staff to support these services. Most pharmacies did not use their pharmacy software to target patients for PCS, instead enrolling via staff recommendation or self‐referral. Many pharmacies (48%) reported that greater than 30% of their patient population experienced social‐related barriers including low income and transportation issues. Pharmacies addressed social barriers by offering tailored services towards patient needs.ConclusionsIndependent community pharmacies remain diligent and actively involved in delivering PCS. Many pharmacy patients experience social‐related barriers towards care, and pharmacies are responding by offering tailored services. Further research is needed on the implementation and economic sustainability of PCS in community pharmacy settings.

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Pharmacy performance while providing continuous medication monitoring

Cited by 19 publications

References 11 publications

Economic evaluations of clinical pharmacy services in the United States: 2011‐2017

Economic evaluations of clinical pharmacy services in the United States: 2011‐2017

Community Pharmacists’ Perceptions of Patient Care Services within an Enhanced Service Network

Pharmacists' perceptions on patient care services and social determinants of health within independent community pharmacies in an enhanced services network

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