“…To date, protein kinases confirmed to be localized to the OMM are Ser/Thr kinases. In addition to PKA [ 83 , 84 ], JNK [ 85 ], ERK1/2 [ 86 ], p38 MAPK [ 87 ], PINK1 [ 88 ], CDK5 [ 48 ], LRRK2 [ 89 ], mTOR [ 77 ], PAK5 [ 82 ], CAMK [ 47 ] and AMPK [ 90 ], they also include cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) [ 91 ], casein kinases 1 and 2 (CK1, CK2) [ 92 , 93 ], and three isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC α, PKC δ and PKC ε) [ 94 , 95 , 96 ]. All these kinases phosphorylate diverse mitochondrial substrates, resulting in many different alterations to organellar dynamics, protein import, metabolism, respiratory complex activity and apoptosis, all of which will be more extensively discussed in the following chapters.…”