Prospective memory in youth with perinatally-acquired HIV infection

Abstract

Youth with perinatal HIV infection (PHIV) are at increased risk for neurocognitive impairment (NCI). Prospective memory (PM) is a complex neurocognitive function that has been shown to be impaired in adults with HIV disease and independently associated with poorer daily living skills, including medication nonadherence. The current study sought to determine the presence and extent of PM deficits in youth with PHIV. Participants included 173 youth with PHIV and 85 youth perinatally HIV-exposed but uninfected (PHEU), mean age 14.1 years, 75% black, 18% Hispanic. Among youth with PHIV, 26% had a past AIDS-defining condition (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], Class C), 74% did not (non-C). Adjusted generalized estimating equation models were used to compare groups (PHIV/C, PHIV/non-C, and PHEU) on the Naturalistic Event-Based Prospective Memory Test (NEPT) and the Prospective Memory Assessment for Children & Youth (PROMACY). Secondarily, subgroups defined by HIV serostatus and global NCI were compared (PHIV/NCI, PHIV/non-NCI, PHEU). PHIV/C had significantly lower NEPT scores than PHEU, with decreases of 40% in mean scores, but did not differ from PHIV/non-C. PHIV/NCI had 11-32% lower PROMACY scores and 33% lower NEPT scores compared to PHIV/non-NCI (all p < .05); significantly, lower scores for PHIV/NCI versus PHEU also were observed for PROMACY and NEPT indices. Findings suggest a subset of youth with PHIV (those with a prior AIDS-defining diagnosis) is vulnerable to PM deficits. The extent to which PM deficits interfere with development and maintenance of independent living and health-related behaviors during transition to adulthood requires further study.

Prospective memory instruments for the assessment of children and adolescents: a systematic review

“…106 3–5 Non-clinical - Five-year-old children were significantly better than the younger children. High level of OT’s difficulty resulted in worse PM scores, even in a high-motivation condition Harris et al, 2017 PROMACY 258 14.2 PHEU, PHIV/C, and PHIV/non-NCI NEPT, WRAML2, WISC-IV or WAIS-IV, D-KEFS PHIV/C scores were significantly lower than PHIV/non-C and PHEU on both PROMACY and NEPT scores. NEPT has presented increased sensitivity when compared to PROMACY Garvie et al, 2019 PROMACY 54 13 (2.6) PHEU NEPT, WRAML-2, WISC-IV or WAIS-IV, and D-KEFS PROMACY presents acceptable internal consistency and split-half reliability.…”

“…Despite the absent correlation between PROMACY’s scores and the naturalistic event-based prospective memory task (NEPT), children’s performance in PROMACY’s scores was associated with their own performance on IQ, RM, WM, and EF tests. A previous memory study (Harris et al, 2017 ) also combined data from PROMACY and NEPT as PM measures to evaluate 85 perinatally HIV-exposed uninfected (PHEU), 45 perinatally HIV infected with neurocognitive impairment (PHIV/NCI), and 128 perinatally HIV infected without neurocognitive impairment (PHIV/non-NCI). Even though NEPT has presented increased sensitivity when compared to PROMACY’s results, both instruments were sensitive to PHIV/NCI cognitive deficits.…”

Central Nervous System Impact of Perinatally Acquired HIV in Adolescents and Adults: an Update

“…The Memory and Executive Functioning substudy of PHACS assessed youth age 9-18 with PHIV and no Class C diagnosis (PHIV-NonC; n=105), PHIV and Class C diagnosis (PHIV-C; n=39), and PHEU (n=79). A series of publications [44][45][46][47] reported that, after adjustment for sociodemographic variables, adolescents with PHIV-NonC and PHEU were comparable on most measures. Those with PHIV-C performed significantly worse on visual recognition memory, some aspects of prospective memory, and inhibitory functioning.…”

The effect of ostracism on prospective memory in problem solving

“…Patients diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have exhibited deteriorating PM performance [ 8 ]. A subset of younger children afflicted with prior AIDS-defining diagnosis and comorbid perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (PHIV) have exhibited PM impairment, which impacted necessary daily living skills such as the above-mentioned strict medication adherence [ 27 ]. Largely personal choices, such as drug use and abuse (i.e., Ecstasy), has been associated with more errors in both short- and long-term PM.…”