Rift Valley Fever Seroprevalence in Coastal Kenya

Grossi-Soyster, Elysse N.; Banda, Tamara; Teng, Crystal Y.; Muchiri, Eric M.; Mungai, Peter; Mutuku, Francis; Gildengorin, Ginny; Kitron, Uriel; King, Charles H.; LaBeaud, A. Desirée

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0104

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…Comparing our results with serological studies conducted in the neighboring countries of Kenya and Tanzania, where RVFV is endemic, provides some insight into our human serosurvey findings. In a study in coastal area of Kenya from 2009–2011 [ 37 ], RVFV seroprevalence in humans was lower (1.8%) than in our study. Similarly, the seroprevalence in humans was only 5.2% in Mbeya region in Tanzania [ 38 ], compared to 13% in our study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

Prevalence and risk factors of Rift Valley fever in humans and animals from Kabale district in Southwestern Uganda, 2016

et al. 2018

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BackgroundRift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease caused by Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) found in Africa and the Middle East. Outbreaks can cause extensive morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock. Following the diagnosis of two acute human RVF cases in Kabale district, Uganda, we conducted a serosurvey to estimate RVFV seroprevalence in humans and livestock and to identify associated risk factors.MethodsHumans and animals at abattoirs and villages in Kabale district were sampled. Persons were interviewed about RVFV exposure risk factors. Human blood was tested for anti-RVFV IgM and IgG, and animal blood for anti-RVFV IgG.Principal findings655 human and 1051 animal blood samples were collected. Anti-RVFV IgG was detected in 78 (12%) human samples; 3 human samples (0.5%) had detectable IgM only, and 7 (1%) had both IgM and IgG. Of the 10 IgM-positive persons, 2 samples were positive for RVFV by PCR, confirming recent infection. Odds of RVFV seropositivity were greater in participants who were butchers (odds ratio [OR] 5.1; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.7–15.1) and those who reported handling raw meat (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.2–9.8). No persons under age 20 were RVFV seropositive. The overall animal seropositivity was 13%, with 27% of cattle, 7% of goats, and 4% of sheep seropositive.In a multivariate logistic regression, cattle species (OR 9.1; 95% CI 4.1–20.5), adult age (OR 3.0; 95% CI 1.6–5.6), and female sex (OR 2.1; 95%CI 1.0–4.3) were significantly associated with animal seropositivity. Individual human seropositivity was significantly associated with animal seropositivity by subcounty after adjusting for sex, age, and occupation (p < 0.05).ConclusionsAlthough no RVF cases had been detected in Uganda from 1968 to March 2016, our study suggests that RVFV has been circulating undetected in both humans and animals living in and around Kabale district. RVFV seropositivity in humans was associated with occupation, suggesting that the primary mode of RVFV transmission to humans in Kabale district could be through contact with animal blood or body fluids.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

Prevalence and risk factors of Rift Valley fever in humans and animals from Kabale district in Southwestern Uganda, 2016

et al. 2018

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“…Serological status was determined by indirect IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at the time of the original studies, as previously described [14, 15, 44, 61, 62]. All serology was performed according to the same ELISA protocol, using control serum verified by plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of raw milk exposures on Rift Valley fever virus transmission

et al. 2019

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Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic phlebovirus that can be transmitted to humans or livestock by mosquitoes or through direct contact with contaminated bodily fluids and tissues. Exposure to bodily fluids and tissues varies by types of behaviors engaged for occupational tasks, homestead responsibilities, or use in dietary or therapeutic capacities. While previous studies have included milk exposures in their analyses, their primary focus on livestock exposures has been on animal handling, breeding, and slaughter. We analyzed data from multiple field surveys in Kenya with the aim of associating RVFV infection to raw milk exposures from common animal species. Of those with evidence of prior RVFV infection by serology (n = 267), 77.2% engaged in milking livestock compared to 32.0% for 3,956 co-local seronegative individuals (p < 0.001), and 86.5% of seropositive individuals consumed raw milk compared to 33.4% seronegative individuals (p < 0.001). Individuals who milked and also consumed raw milk had greater odds of RVFV exposure than individuals whose only contact to raw milk was through milking. Increased risks were associated with exposure to milk sourced from cows (p < 0.001), sheep (p < 0.001), and goats (p < 0.001), but not camels (p = 0.98 for consuming, p = 0.21 for milking). Our data suggest that exposure to raw milk may contribute to a significant number of cases of RVFV, especially during outbreaks and in endemic areas, and that some animal species may be associated with a higher risk for RVFV exposure. Livestock trade is regulated to limit RVFV spread from endemic areas, yet further interventions designed to fully understand the risk of RVFV exposure from raw milk are imperative.

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“…quinquefasciatus Say, whose success in colonizing both urban and rural environs have been attributed to their larval ability to develop in a variety of aquatic habitats [14]. These mosquitoes are highly distributed in Kenyan coast counties and associated with the spread of bancroftian filariasis [90,91,95] and cases of RVF [11,112]. A study by Atoni et al [17] recorded high numbers of Cx.…”

Section: Overview Of the Main Mosquito Genera Of Public Health Impmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquitoes of Etiological Concern in Kenya and Possible Control Strategies

Karungu

Atoni

Ogalo

et al. 2019

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Kenya is among the most affected tropical countries with pathogen transmitting Culicidae vectors. For decades, insect vectors have contributed to the emergence and distribution of viral and parasitic pathogens. Outbreaks and diseases have a great impact on a country’s economy, as resources that would otherwise be used for developmental projects are redirected to curb hospitalization cases and manage outbreaks. Infected invasive mosquito species have been shown to increasingly cross both local and global boarders due to the presence of increased environmental changes, trade, and tourism. In Kenya, there have been several mosquito-borne disease outbreaks such as the recent outbreaks along the coast of Kenya, involving chikungunya and dengue. This certainly calls for the implementation of strategies aimed at strengthening integrated vector management programs. In this review, we look at mosquitoes of public health concern in Kenya, while highlighting the pathogens they have been linked with over the years and across various regions. In addition, the major strategies that have previously been used in mosquito control and what more could be done to reduce or combat the menace caused by these hematophagous vectors are presented.

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Rift Valley Fever Seroprevalence in Coastal Kenya

Cited by 21 publications

References 22 publications

Prevalence and risk factors of Rift Valley fever in humans and animals from Kabale district in Southwestern Uganda, 2016

Prevalence and risk factors of Rift Valley fever in humans and animals from Kabale district in Southwestern Uganda, 2016

The influence of raw milk exposures on Rift Valley fever virus transmission

Mosquitoes of Etiological Concern in Kenya and Possible Control Strategies

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