“…It has been previously demonstrated that TCAs are upregulated during the BABA-induced priming phase, respect to the Pst Rpt2-induced resistance ( Pastor et al, 2014 ). Therefore, the present study aimed to ask whether these compounds can also act as defense and/or priming inducers, as previously demonstrated for other acidic chemical signals such as azelaic acid, pipecolic acid and recently acetic acid ( Jung et al, 2009 ; Návarová et al, 2012 ; Kim et al, 2017 ). To test the defense inducing capacity of carboxylic acids, citrate and fumarate were chosen.…”
Exposure of plants to biotic stress results in an effective induction of numerous defense mechanisms that involve a vast redistribution within both primary and secondary metabolisms. For instance, an alteration of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) levels can accompany the increase of plant resistance stimulated by various synthetic and natural inducers. Moreover, components of the TCA flux may play a role during the set-up of plant defenses. In this study, we show that citrate and fumarate, two major components of the TCA cycle, are able to induce priming in Arabidopsis against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Both citrate and fumarate show no direct antimicrobial effect and therefore enhanced bacterial resistance found in planta is solely based on the induction of the plant defense system. During the priming phase, both TCA intermediates did not induce any changes in transcript abundances of a set of defense genes, and in phytohormones and camalexin levels. However, at early time points of bacterial challenge, citrate induced a stronger salicylic acid and camalexin accumulation followed later by a boost of the jasmonic acid pathway. On the other hand, adaptations of hormonal pathways in fumarate-treated plants were more complex. While jasmonic acid was not induced, mutants impaired in jasmonic acid perception failed to mount a proper priming response induced by fumarate. Our results suggest that changes in carboxylic acid abundances can enhance Arabidopsis defense through complex signaling pathways. This highlights a promising feature of TCAs as novel defense priming agents and calls for further exploration in other pathosystems and stress situations.
“…It has been previously demonstrated that TCAs are upregulated during the BABA-induced priming phase, respect to the Pst Rpt2-induced resistance ( Pastor et al, 2014 ). Therefore, the present study aimed to ask whether these compounds can also act as defense and/or priming inducers, as previously demonstrated for other acidic chemical signals such as azelaic acid, pipecolic acid and recently acetic acid ( Jung et al, 2009 ; Návarová et al, 2012 ; Kim et al, 2017 ). To test the defense inducing capacity of carboxylic acids, citrate and fumarate were chosen.…”
Exposure of plants to biotic stress results in an effective induction of numerous defense mechanisms that involve a vast redistribution within both primary and secondary metabolisms. For instance, an alteration of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) levels can accompany the increase of plant resistance stimulated by various synthetic and natural inducers. Moreover, components of the TCA flux may play a role during the set-up of plant defenses. In this study, we show that citrate and fumarate, two major components of the TCA cycle, are able to induce priming in Arabidopsis against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Both citrate and fumarate show no direct antimicrobial effect and therefore enhanced bacterial resistance found in planta is solely based on the induction of the plant defense system. During the priming phase, both TCA intermediates did not induce any changes in transcript abundances of a set of defense genes, and in phytohormones and camalexin levels. However, at early time points of bacterial challenge, citrate induced a stronger salicylic acid and camalexin accumulation followed later by a boost of the jasmonic acid pathway. On the other hand, adaptations of hormonal pathways in fumarate-treated plants were more complex. While jasmonic acid was not induced, mutants impaired in jasmonic acid perception failed to mount a proper priming response induced by fumarate. Our results suggest that changes in carboxylic acid abundances can enhance Arabidopsis defense through complex signaling pathways. This highlights a promising feature of TCAs as novel defense priming agents and calls for further exploration in other pathosystems and stress situations.
“…In Arabidopsis , members of the RPD3/HDA1 family were found to interact with various proteins involved in plant stress responses and regulate gene expression through histone deacetylation ( Figure 1 ). HDA6 is involved in drought stress tolerance by regulating gene expression in the acetate biosynthesis pathway ( Kim et al, 2017 ). HDA6 also regulates the jasmonate (JA) associated stress response by interacting with COI1 and JAZ1, the key regulators of JA signaling ( Devoto et al, 2002 ; Zhu et al, 2011 ).…”
Section: Functions Of Hdacs In Salt and Drought Stress Responses In
mentioning
In eukaryotic cells, histone acetylation and deacetylation play an important role in the regulation of gene expression. Histone acetylation levels are modulated by histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs). Recent studies indicate that HDACs play essential roles in the regulation of gene expression in plant response to environmental stress. In this review, we discussed the recent advance regarding the plant HDACs and their functions in the regulation of abiotic stress responses. The role of HDACs in autophagy was also discussed.
“…In Arabidopsis, HDACs play an important role in the response to different stresses, as well as in plant development [18,[25][26][27]. Arabidopsis HDA6 is involved in drought stress tolerance [28] and regulates the jasmonate-associated stress response [29,30]. The Athda9 mutant showed enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stress, indicating that HDA9 may act as a negative repressor of the plant's stress response [31][32][33].…”
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a significant role in a plant’s development and response to various environmental stimuli by regulating the gene transcription. However, HDACs remain unidentified in cotton. In this study, a total of 29 HDACs were identified in allotetraploid Gossypium hirsutum, while 15 and 13 HDACs were identified in Gossypium arboretum and Gossypium raimondii, respectively. Gossypium HDACs were classified into three groups (reduced potassium dependency 3 (RPD3)/HDA1, HD2-like, and Sir2-like (SRT) based on their sequences, and Gossypium HDACs within each subgroup shared a similar gene structure, conserved catalytic domains and motifs. Further analysis revealed that Gossypium HDACs were under a strong purifying selection and were unevenly distributed on their chromosomes. Gene expression data revealed that G. hirsutum HDACs were differentially expressed in various vegetative and reproductive tissues, as well as at different developmental stages of cotton fiber. Furthermore, some G. hirsutum HDACs were co-localized with quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of fiber-related traits, indicating their function in fiber-related traits. We also showed that G. hirsutum HDACs were differentially regulated in response to plant hormones (abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin), DNA damage agent (methyl methanesulfonate (MMS)), and abiotic stresses (cold, salt, heavy metals and drought), indicating the functional diversity and specification of HDACs in response to developmental and environmental cues. In brief, our results provide fundamental information regarding G. hirsutum HDACs and highlight their potential functions in cotton growth, fiber development and stress adaptations, which will be helpful for devising innovative strategies for the improvement of cotton fiber and stress tolerance.
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